微生物对水-沉积物中苯并[a]芘-镉复合污染修复的研究

从广东汕头贵屿镇的沉积物中分离得到1株对PAHs有较好降解能力且有较强重金属耐受性的菌株（简称B4）,菌种鉴定表明该菌为氧化节杆菌属。以土著微生物、处理方式、沉积物、修复时间等为不同的影响因子对该菌修复水体/沉积物中苯并[a]芘（BaP）-镉（Cd）复合污染进行了初步研究。结果表明：该菌同时具有降解BaP和吸附Cd的性能;土著微生物对BaP有一定的降解能力,并能显著促进B4降解BaP,当体系中BaP质量浓度为1.00 mg.L-1时,降解率达到了68.3%;Cd的吸附却因土著微生物的存在发生一定程度的解吸。振荡培养对BaP的降解效果略优于静止培养修复,而静止修复却更有利于Cd的去除。沉积物促进体系Cd的吸附,却减弱了菌种对BaP的降解。在静止培养修复中,BaP的降解主要发生在7 d以前,降解率保持在35%左右,此时Cd的去除效果亦较好。     

河流湿地土壤芘的降解和生物有效性模型与酶活性动态变化(Model of Pyrene Degradation and Bioavailability and Dynamic Changes of Enzymatic Activities in the Riverine Wetland Soil)

在淹水和非淹水条件下,在河流湿地土壤中加入高浓度(10mg·kg-1)和极高浓度(200mg·kg-1)芘,研究了芘降解过程、芘生物有效性和土壤酶活性的长期动态变化.结果表明,培养91d后,高浓度芘处理的土壤中芘的残留率在淹水和非淹水条件下分别为79.0%和51.4%,而极高浓度处理的芘残留率在淹水和非淹水条件下分别为61.1%和33.9%.利用Tenax-ta树脂提取快速解吸态生物有效芘,结果发现,有效芘浓度在高浓度芘处理的两种土壤中的值比较接近,分别为1.01mg·kg-1和1.23mg·kg-1;而有效芘浓度在极高浓度处理的两种土壤的相应值差别较大,分别为20.31mg·kg-1和9.44mg·kg-1.采用四参数Logistic模型能够精确地拟合芘降解过程和生物有效性变化过程(p<0.0001).土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶对芘污染敏感,而过氧化氢酶对芘污染不敏感.实验结果揭示了河流湿地土壤芘在淹水条件下降解活跃阶段持续时间短和芘生物有效性高的特征以及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性可以作为评估芘污染影响的候选指标.     

Synergistic degradation of pyrene and volatilization of arsenic by cocultures of bacteria and a fungus

The combination of two bacteria (Bacillus sp. PY1 and Sphingomonas sp. PY2) and a fungus (Fusarium sp. PY3), isolated from contaminated soils near a coking plant, were investigated with respect to their capability to degrade pyrene and volatilize arsenic. The results showed that all strains could use pyrene and arsenic as carbon and energy sources in a basal salts medium (BSM), with the combined potential to degrade pyrene and volatilize arsenic. Bacillus sp. PY1, Sphingomonas sp. PY2 and Fusarium sp. PY3 were isolated from the consortium and were shown to degrade pyrene and volatilize arsenic independently and in combination. Fungal-bacterial coculture has shown that the most effective removal of pyrene was 96.0% and volatilized arsenic was 84.1% after incubation in liquid medium after 9 days culture, while bioremediation ability was 87.2% in contaminated soil with 100 mg·kg^-1 pyrene. The highest level of arsenic volatilization amounted to 13.9% of the initial As concentration in contaminated soil after 63 days. Therefore, a synergistic degradation system is the most effective approach to degrade pyrene and remove arsenic in contaminated soil. These findings highlight the role of these strains in the bioremediation of environments contaminated with pyrene and arsenic.     

Genotoxic assessment of anthracene and benzo [a] pyrene to milkfish Chanos chanos

Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anthracene and benzo [a] pyrene (BaP), in milkfish Chanos chanos were determined using micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay (CA). Distinct mean frequencies of nuclear abnormalities such as MNs; binucleated micronuclei, nuclear bud, and fragmented apoptotic cells were measured. Significant increase in DNA damage with five classes of damage level was observed and expressed in terms of arbitrary unit (AU). Mean frequencies of total nuclear abnormalities were 0.5?±?0.25 cells in control; 0.67?±?0.33 cells in solvent control; 70?±?9.60 cells in 0.176?mg?L^?1 anthracene, and 91.83?±?6.25 cells in 0.031?mg?L^?1 BaP. The greatest DNA damage of 170AU was observed in 0.176?mg?L^?1 anthracene-exposed group and 182AU was observed in 0.031?mg?L^?1 BaP-treated fish. This study confirmed that the CA and MN assays are useful tools in determining potential genotoxicity of water pollutants and might be appropriate as a part of monitoring program.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Syrian olive oils and their likely daily intakes

The levels of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 EPA PAHs) in Syrian olive oils have been determined. Forty-two samples including commercial extra virgin and virgin olive oils, and virgin olive oils from olive mills were analyzed. Only naphthalene (NAP) was detected in all olive oil samples under investigation. Among the studied 16 EPA PAHs, the highest maximum concentration was also observed for NAP (120 μg kg^?1). Moreover, three samples exceeded the European Union (EU) maximum level of 2 μg kg^?1 for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in oils and fats, and only one sample exceeded the EU maximum level of 10 μg kg^?1 for the sum of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, BaP, and benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4). The likely daily intakes of the total sum of 16 EPA PAHs, the sum of eight genotoxic PAHs, the sum of PAH4, the BaP, and the BaP equivalent through consumption of Syrian olive oils were estimated.     

焦化厂多环芳烃污染场地的环境评价实证研究

通过实地调查某焦化厂污染场地污染现状,结果表明：该场地土壤和地下水以多环芳烃（PAHs）有机类污染为主,土壤中苯并（仅）芘和多环芳烃污染以1．5m以内表层土污染为主,随着深度的增加浓度逐渐降低,弱透水层表现出良好的阻隔作用。沿着地下水流动方向,地下水中多环芳烃浓度逐渐降低,经过约400m的迁移,由17296μg／L降至111μg/L;苯并（α）芘经过200m的迁移,由18．3μg／L降至0,地下水流动导致污染物在包气带横向扩散。1号孔、3号孔和4号孔所在地表层土壤中苯并（α）芘的单个污染物的致癌风险分别为0．0278、0．0209和1．496,远远超出可接受水平,因此上述孔位所在地附近表层土壤需重点治理。     

铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染在土壤-植物体系的归宿规律研究

通过室内盆栽试验研究了中、低浓度铅（Pb）和苯并[a]芘（B[a]p）复合污染在土壤-植物系统中的归宿规律和相互影响,以考查Pb-B[a]p复合污染的相互作用.采用4因素6水平均匀设计试验方案,w（Pb）范围为0～1 120 mg·kg^-1,w（B[a]p）范围为0～6.4 mg·kg^-1.结果表明,在非根际环境中,Pb的不同结合态未受到B[a]p的影响,而土壤中B[a]p的自然降解过程也未受到Pb的影响;在黑麦草根际环境中,Pb的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态以及Fe/Mn氧化物结合态含量与非根际土壤相比明显降低,有机物和硫化物结合态含量明显升高,这与黑麦草根际分泌物和植物根际的吸收作用有关;玉米和黑麦草地上部和根部Pb含量均与土壤中Pb总量之间呈显著正相关关系,与B[a]p含量间不存在显著相关性;在玉米和黑麦草根际环境中,B[a]p的降解速率比非根际土壤有明显提高,其中黑麦草的促降解作用强于玉米;Pb对玉米和黑麦草根际土壤中B[a]p的降解过程具有一定的抑制作用,这与根际环境对Pb的活化作用进而增加Pb对微生物有效性有关;Pb对植物根部吸附B[a]p的过程也有一定影响.总体而言,在根际和非根际条件下B[a]p与Pb的共存均未影响Pb的归宿,在非根际环境中Pb也未影响B[a]p的归宿,但在根际环境中Pb抑制了B[a]p在土壤中的降解及植物根部对B[a]p的吸收.     

臭氧预氧化对芘在天然有机物中分配行为的影响

以疏水性有机物——芘为代表,考察了臭氧预氧化处理对高稳定性有机污染物在天然有机物(NOM)中分配行为的影响.结果表明,芘在不同性质NOM中分配系数(K_oc)的大小与NOM中芳香结构和疏水基团含量有关,芘在液相、吸附相NOM中的分配行为受NOM自身特性、吸附性能及吸附剂表面有机碳覆盖率(f_oc)大小的影响.臭氧预氧化能够破坏NOM中的芳香结构和疏水结构,削弱NOM与芘之间的相互作用,降低芘的Koc,臭氧预氧化对吸附相NOM疏水结构的破坏是造成芘在吸附相NOM中分配能力降低的主要原因.     

苯并(a)芘致毒的鱼的分子生态毒理学指标研究

通过测定典型的多环芳烃类物质苯并（a）芘（BaP）致毒后鱼体内几种重要分子生态毒理学指标的变化,来反映苯并（a）芘致毒对鱼体的影响．结果表明,肝脏ATPase活性降低,GST活性升高,DNA加合物相对标记水平（RAL）也增大,而EROD活性没有明显改变．这说明苯并（a）芘致毒对鱼体正常生命活动产生了重大影响,并具有潜在的致癌性．     

尿液中多环芳烃羟基代谢产物分析方法研究

通过实验建立了"酶水解-固相萃取-HPLC 荧光检测"尿液中多环芳烃羟基代谢产物1-羟基芘,9-羟基苯并[a]芘和3-羟基苯并[a]芘的分析方法,研究了3种代谢产物在不同保存温度下的稳定性,并通过对200个实际尿液的测定初步验证了该方法的可行性。该方法回收率为70%～85%,最低检出限为0 02～0 05μg L。-20℃保存的尿液样品及尿液提取液中3种化合物在1个月内降解了10%～36%,提取液比尿液的稳定性稍好,保存温度越高稳定性越差。