Monitoring nitrogen accumulation in mosses in central European forests

In order to assess whether nitrogen (N) loads in mosses reflect different land uses, 143 sites in North Rhine-Westphalia, the Weser-Ems Region and the Euro Region Nissa were sampled between 2000 and 2005. The data were analysed statistically with available surface information on land use and forest conditions. N bioaccumulation in mosses in the Weser-Ems Region with high densities of agricultural land use and livestock exceeded the concentrations in the more industrialised Euro Region Nissa. In all three study areas agricultural and livestock spatial densities were found to be positively correlated with N bioaccumulation in mosses. In North Rhine-Westphalia, the N concentrations in mosses was also moderately correlated with N concentrations in leaves and needles of forest trees. The moss method proved useful to assess the spatial patterns of N bioaccumulation due to land use.     

锰矿修复区泡桐与栾树生长与重金属积累特性

在湘潭锰矿废弃地种植泡桐和栾树,建立了4hm²生态修复示范区.工程区基质Mn平均含量高达20041mg/kg,Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量也远超过湖南省和全国的背景值,属复合型重度污染.污染区不覆土,苗木移植前每株根际定量施用了含有自污染区矿渣分离出的抗性菌株的专用有机肥.种植两年后,泡桐和栾树成活率均达到83%以上.泡桐生长状况明显优于栾树,两种植物叶的重金属含量均大于根和茎,泡桐Mn、Cu、Zn的浓度和积累量显著高于栾树.5年生泡桐Mn积累量达到2295g/hm²,转运量系数为2.32.试验证明,采用有机菌肥改良根际环境后,泡桐与栾树均可作为锰污染区的修复树种,而泡桐的生长速率和重金属的耐受和积累性能优于栾树.     

河蚬在我国沉积物毒性评价与鉴定中的应用研究

河蚬作为原产并广泛分布于我国及东南亚的双壳类淡水软体动物,是我国众多水域的底栖优势种。河蚬对水体污染物具有较强累积能力,已成功用于水体沉积物生物富集及生物毒性效应研究。但应用于沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)研究整体上仍处于起步阶段,尚未形成一套标准指标测定方法和技术体系。为此,本研究在调查底栖生物在我国沉积物毒性研究的基础上,以河蚬为主要研究对象,探讨其在我国生态分布等生物学背景,系统分析其对重金属和有机污染物的生物富集特征以及相关生物毒性效应方面的研究进展,以期为河蚬作为我国特色的沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)受试生物提供参考依据。     

Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides from contaminated soil by cattle

The study aimed to quantitate the uptake by beef cattle of organochlorine pesticides in from soil. Although such uptake is known to occur, uptake rates have not been accurately measured for these animals and cannot be inferred from data obtained with dairy cattle. In this study, cattle received a diet, of a standard feedlot ration supplemented with organochlorine-pesticide (aldrin?+?dieldrin) contaminated soil. The levels of pesticides in the feed would approximate uptake through normal grazing. Samples of the subcutaneous fat were removed periodically and analysed for pesticide content. Uptake of dieldrin (but not other pesticides present in the soil) was rapid and substantial. Uptake from sandy soils was more efficient than that from clay soils. The experiment was terminated after 8 weeks, because of the high levels of dieldrin in the tissues. Depuration of the accumulated pesticides was a slow and complex process, requiring a longer period than accumulation.     

Environmental contamination using accumulation of metals in marine sponge,Sigmadocia fibulata inhabiting the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar,India

Coastal marine ecosystems in many parts of the world are under unrelenting stress caused by urban development, pollutants and other ecological impacts such as building of infrastructure, land reclamation for port and industrial development, habitat modification, tourism and recreational activities. The present work is a first extensive field study using the marine sponge, Sigmadocia fibulata as a bioindicator to detect metal pollution between inshore and offshore environment of the ‘Gulf of Mannar’, India. Samples of S. fibulata were collected from different places of inshore (0.1–0.5?km) and offshore (3–5?kms) locations. Metal concentrations in water and bioaccumulation in sponges were determined by ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry). Enrichment of metal contamination was more in the inshore, when compared to offshore environment. Higher concentrations of metals Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ba, Zn, V, Pb and Cd in inshore waters (3–6.4 times than offshore) may be due to the discharge of monsoonal rains, carrying a discharge of industrial and agricultural wastes and sewage directly into the coast. This is substantiated by a highly significant positive correlation between concentrations of metals in the water and accumulation in sponges. The bioaccumulation of metals in sponge tissue were in order of Fe?>?Al?>?Ni?>?Mn?>?Cu?> Cr?>?Co?>?Ba?>?Zn?>?V?>?Cd?>?Pb in both the inshore and offshore regions. Apparently, the macromolecule composition (sugars, proteins and lipids) was significantly reduced by the accumulation of metals in inshore sponges. The current findings indicated that the frequent monitoring is necessary to assess the eco-health of the marine environment by choosing bio-indicator species like S. fibulata, which provide accurate, reliable measurements of environmental quality.     

Exposure of mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ) to the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena

Nodularin (NODLN) is a cyclic pentapeptide hepatotoxin produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena, which forms extensive blooms during the summer in the Baltic Sea. Nodularin was detected in liver, muscle and/or feather samples of several common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Gulf of Finland (northern Baltic Sea) in 2002–2005. Published information on the adverse effects of NODLN in marine birds is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of NODLN, and determine the concentrations of NODLN in liver and muscle tissue in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) exposed to N. spumigena. Mallards received a single or multiple exposure via oral gavage with an aqueous slurry containing toxic N. spumigena. Dosages ranged from 200 to 600 µg NODLN per kg body weight (bw). There were minimal histopathological changes in liver tissue, and brain cholinesterase activity did not differ among treatment groups. Concentrations of NODLN measured by LC-MS in liver varied between approximately 3–120 µg kg^?1 dry weight (dw) and ducks receiving multiple exposures had significantly greater liver toxin levels than ducks receiving the two lowest single exposures. In muscle, NODLN concentrations were approximately 2–6 µg kg^?1 dw, but did not differ significantly among exposure groups. This is the first in vivo lab study examining the effects and bioaccumulation of NODLN from N. spumigena in birds. The mallards in this study were resistant to adverse effects and did not bioaccumulate substantial levels of NODLN at the doses given.     

Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake,Gorakhpur, UP,India

Heavy metals, a highly polluting group of constituents known to exert adverse effects, tend to accumulate in living organisms. The objective of this study was to determine the accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and in paddy crop irrigated with lake water compared to soil and paddy crop irrigated with bore-well water. The quantities of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg) were determined in different parts of rice plants (Oryza sativa). Results revealed that the mean levels of soil Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg in experimental soil and in different parts of rice plant (root, straw, and grain) were higher than the control except for Cu. The content of eight toxic metals was significantly higher in root than in aerial parts of the rice (straw and grains). Rice roots were enriched in Cd, As, Hg, and Pb from the soil, while Cr, Cu, Zn, and Mn were hardly taken by the roots. Bioaccumulation factor for Hg was significantly higher than other heavy metals. Metal transfer factors from soil to rice plants were significant for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg. The concentrations of metals in lake water were found to be within the permissible limit of Indian standard prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (2000), except for Hg and As, which were higher than the limit of Indian standard. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and rice grains were still below the maximal levels, as stipulated by Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA, 1954) and World Health Organization (WHO, 1993) guidelines.     

Chorioallantoic membrane as a non-lethal sampling method for polychlorinated biphenyls analysis in the northern diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are documented endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This study examined the bioaccumulation of PCBs and the utility of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as a non-lethal sampling technique for PCB analysis in the northern diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin), a species endemic to US East Coast salt marshes. To determine the viability of the CAM as a surrogate for PCB burdens within this species, maternal transfer of PCBs to CAM and egg samples was studied. Egg and CAM samples were collected from populations in Cape May County, NJ and Jamaica Bay, NY; liver samples were collected only from NJ terrapins. PCB congeners were detected in all sample types, but less-chlorinated congeners preferentially partitioned in the CAM. Liver and egg sample PCB concentrations were strongly correlated (p=0.002, r _s=0.883), but PCB concentrations of CAM were not strongly correlated to liver (p=0.035, r _s=0.733) and egg samples (p=0.036, r _s=0.484). Examination of homologue groups indicated a strong correlation between penta- and hexachlorinated biphenyls for all sample types. This study shows that maternal transfer of PCB contaminants occurs with selective partitioning of congeners into the CAM, and that analysis of the CAM alone may not reflect total PCB body burdens in this species.     

Accumulation trends of metals and a metalloid in the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus from Lake Yeniçağa (Turkey)

This study aims to determine the extent of metal pollution in Lake Yeniça?a (Bolu, Turkey) by investigating the accumulation trends of five metals (Al, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn) and a metalloid (As) in gills, exoskeleton, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscles of the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilised to determine the accumulation profiles of each element over four seasons. The greatest element accumulation was found to occur in the gills. All elements in exoskeletal tissue displayed positive correlations with each other, a similar trend was also observed in the hepatopancreas samples. Strong (r=0.868) and very strong (r=0.960) positive correlations were found between the accumulations of Al and Fe in gills and the exoskeleton, respectively. Correlations in tissue accumulation rates are discussed in the context of metabolic roles and impacts associated with the elements tested. Elemental compositions of Yeniça?a water and sediment samples were also investigated to determine whether the composition of the surrounding environment matches the metal accumulation trends of tissue samples. We demonstrate that, by the criteria set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Lake Yeniça?a is heavily polluted in terms of As and Ni.     

溢油污染物在栉孔扇贝不同组织的富集特异性及生物放大效应的初步研究

本文采用半静态暴露实验法,研究了栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的不同组织对船舶常用燃料油0#柴油分散液和乳化液的富集及其在食物链传递过程中的生物放大效应。结果表明:(1)在不同浓度柴油分散液和柴油乳化液中,扇贝暴露8 d后不同软组织对柴油的生物富集系数BCF均表现为鳃(889.40～127.92 mL·g~(-1)、830.80～123.43 mL·g~(-1))内脏团(293.80～58.46 mL·g~(-1)、184.00～130.53 mL·g~(-1))肌肉(147.60～39.68 mL·g~(-1)、149.80～62.40 mL·g~(-1)),腮和内脏对石油的富集能力强于肌肉,各组织对柴油分散液的富集能力强于柴油乳化液;(2)用石油烃(TPH)浓度分别为1.74×10~(-10)mg·cell~(-1)、4.44×10~(-10)mg·cell~(-1)的三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin)喂养扇贝后,扇贝体内石油烃(TPH)浓度随时间的延长和藻体浓度的上升都表现出增加的趋势,到第8天实验结束时扇贝体内TPH浓度达到7.79 mg·kg~(-1)和9.61 mg·kg~(-1),表明TPH通过浮游植物的摄食在扇贝体内造成累积,通过食物链进行了传递。