酸沉降对森林生长固碳和土壤盐基保持功能的影响

在森林土壤酸化过程空间信息模型和森林植被生产力空间信息模型的基础上,耦合了森林水土保持、森林涵养水源、森林生长固碳、森林土壤盐基保持4个空间信息子模型,构建了森林生态效益空间信息模型.选取贵州省龙里地区作为试验点,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术获取模型参数,定量模拟了不同酸沉降条件下森林保土、保水、生长固碳、土壤盐基保持4种生态功能,并利用替代价值法对4种生态功能进行了货币化评定.本文主要介绍森林生长固碳、森林土壤盐基保持两个子模型及其生态效益评价.经研究森林生长固碳、土壤盐基保持效益远大于森林的林木价值,约为林木价值的10倍.森林不同生态功能受酸雨的破坏程度不同,若2007年酸雨pH值下降1.0,则在29km2的面积上森林生长固碳和土壤盐基保持生态效益损失达165万元,平均每km2面积上损失为5.7万元.     

水幕排烟系统对烟气控制及排烟效率的影响研究

为探明水幕排烟系统对隧道内烟气控制和排烟效率的影响,通过火灾动力学求解器(FDS)研究不同排烟风量下隧道内烟气、温度和速度分布。结果表明:排烟量小于100 m3/s时,水幕无法有效地阻隔有毒烟气的蔓延;当火源热释放速率(HRR)为10、20及30 MW时,排烟量分别为100、160和180 m3/s,能将烟气限制在水幕排烟系统内;在水幕的作用下,水幕外的温度分布均满足人员逃生的需要(小于80℃),在水幕排烟系统中烟气控制要比温度控制更为重要;相同火源HRR下,排烟口的排烟效率随着排烟量先增大后减小;排烟口的吸穿效应在水幕排烟系统中很难出现,排烟口吸入位于隧道底部混有大量新鲜空气的烟气是造成排烟效率降低的主要原因。     

Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: Batch uptake behavior

Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests. The presence of arsenate reduced the removal e ciency of chromium by Fe(II), while the presence of chromate significantly increased the removal e ciency of arsenate by Fe(II) at pH 6–8. In the absence of arsenate, chromium removal by Fe(II) increased to a maximum with increasing pH from 4 to 7 and then decreased with a further increase in pH. The increment in Fe(II) dosage resulted in an improvement in chromium removal and the improvement was more remarkable under alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions. Chromium removal by Fe(II) was reduced to a larger extent under neutral and alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions due to the presence of 10 mol/L arsenate. The presence of 20 mol/L arsenate slightly improved chromium removal by Fe(II) at pH 3.9–5.8, but had detrimental e ects at pH 6.7–9.8. Arsenate removal was improved significantly at pH 4–9 due to the presence of 10 mol/L chromate at Fe(II) dosages of 20–60 mol/L. Elevating the chromate concentration from 10 to 20 mol/L resulted in a further improvement in arsenate removal at pH 4.0–4.6 when Fe(II) was dosed at 30–60 mol/L.     

济南市大气颗粒物短期暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分影响的定群研究

为了解济南市不同粒径大气颗粒物暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分（SAP）的急性影响,评估大气颗粒物暴露对人群神经系统的健康风险,以山东省济南市甸柳社区为研究地点,采用定群研究设计,对社区76名健康老年人进行5次重复测量,结合社区附近（< 2 km）环保监测超级站的PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度数据,在控制年龄、性别等协变量情况下,利用线性混合效应模型分别分析PM_2.5和PM₁₀暴露对SAP的效应影响.结果表明:大气颗粒物短期暴露与老年人群SAP的升高呈正相关;PM_2.5累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个四分位数间距（IQR）,SAP水平升高18.73%（95% CI为9.20%~29.08%）（FDR_H-P < 0.05）（其中,CI为可信区间,FDR_H-P为经多重校正后的P值）;PM₁₀累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个IQR,SAP水平亦升高,但变化不显著（FDR_H-P>0.05）.研究显示,大气颗粒物暴露可以引起人群反应神经退行性病变的SAP指标升高,提示大气颗粒物对人群神经系统具有潜在威胁;PM_2.5对SAP的效应高于PM₁₀,提示小粒径颗粒物具有较高的健康危害,应加强对小粒径颗粒物的健康影响和干预防护研究.      

A novel co-catalyzed system between persulfate and chlorite by sonolysis for removing triphenylmethane derivative

Triphenylmethane (tpm) derivatives (e.g. tpm_CV) have threatened the safety of the aquatic environment due to the potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. In this study, the novel ultrasonic/persulfate/chlorite (US/S₂O₈²⁻/ClO₂⁻) oxidation process was developed for the effective removal of tpm_CV in wastewater. The apparent non-integer kinetics (n around 1.20) of tpm_CV degradation under different factors (R²_Adj > 0.990) were investigated, respectively. Inhibiting effects of anions were greater than those of cations (except Fe(II/III)). The adding of micromolecule organic acids could regulate degradation towards positive direction. The double response surface methodology (RSM) was designed to optimize tpm_CV removal process, and the acoustic-piezoelectric interaction was simulated to determine the propagation process of acoustic wave in the reactor. The possible degradation pathway was explored to mainly include carbonylation, carboxylation, and demethylation. The estimated effective-mean temperature at the bubble-water interface was calculated from 721 to 566 K after introducing the ClO₂⁻, however, the adsorption or partitioning capacity of tpm_CV in the reactive zone was widened from 0.0218 to 0.0982. The proposed co-catalysis of US/S₂O₈²⁻/ClO₂⁻ was based on the determined active species mainly including ClO₂, SO₄⋅⁻, and ⋅OH. Compared with other US-based processes, the operating cost (3.97 $/m³) of US/S₂O₈²⁻/ClO₂⁻ with the EE/O value (16.8 kWh/m³) was relatively reduced.     

A pilot plant using immobilized cells for dye removal from dye manufacturing wastes

A pilot plant was set up to treat dye waste water. The flow of the plant begins with a chemical pretreatment step following by an immobilized decolorizing bacteria reactor and an ordinary activated sludge reactor at the end. Results from the seven months' operation show that the decolorization effect of the immobilized cell reactor worked satisfactorily. The effluent colour always remained below 100 with the influent colour as high as 4000 or more. The COD of the effluent could also meet the discharge standard, around 60 mg L⁻¹. The immobilized cell reactor has an ability to reduce the BOD/COD ratio of the waste, suggesting that it can degrade the recalcitrant pollutants easily. The results show that it is a high-efficiency and low-cost process suitable to be developed into full-scale application.     

对当前安全工作与人才培养的探讨

通过对当今安全工作和人才培养的现状进行分析和讨论，提出有关对策和办法。以促使安全工作上一个新台阶，保障企业安全生产，促进国民经济迅猛发展。     

微生物还原浸出法回收废旧电池粉末中的金属锰

驯化培养K1、K2、K33株锰还原异养微生物,使微生物耐受电池重金属离子的能力提高。通过微生物的还原作用将二氧化锰还原成二价锰离子回收利用。微生物利用MnO2作为代谢呼吸链最终电子受体,传递氧化有机物产生的电子,还原溶浸锰于介质中。与其他菌株相比,K1菌株表现出很强的金属耐受性,最终浸出率可达93%。     

辽宁省水环境承载力纵向评价

水环境承载力是一个国家或地区持续发展过程中各种环境承载力的重要组成部分,是在缺水地区制约人类社会发展的"瓶颈",是决定人类经济社会发展速度和规模的重要因素。结合辽宁省实际情况和灰色关联度法确定评价指标体系,并用改进的层次分析法确定指标体系中各指标的权重,再结合"模加和"法计算1999年-2006年水环境承载力,最后分析辽宁省水环境承载力的纵向变化趋势,并针对分析结果提出有效的改善水环境状况的建议,为实现辽宁省水资源的可持续利用提供依据。     

Deciphering urban traffic impacts on air quality by deep learning and emission inventory

Air pollution is a major obstacle to future sustainability, and traffic pollution has become a large drag on the sustainable developments of future metropolises. Here, combined with the large volume of real-time monitoring data, we propose a deep learning model, iDeepAir, to predict surface-level PM_2.5 concentration in Shanghai megacity and link with MEIC emission inventory creatively to decipher urban traffic impacts on air quality. Our model exhibits high-fidelity in reproducing pollutant concentrations and reduces the MAE from 25.355 µg/m³ to 12.283 µg/m³ compared with other models. And identifies the ranking of major factors, local meteorological conditions have become a nonnegligible factor. Layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) is used here to enhance the interpretability of the model and we visualize and analyze the reasons for the different correlation between traffic density and PM_2.5 concentration in various regions of Shanghai. Meanwhile, As the strict and effective industrial emission reduction measurements implementing in China, the contribution of urban traffic to PM_2.5 formation calculated by combining MEIC emission inventory and LRP is gradually increasing from 18.03% in 2011 to 24.37% in 2017 in Shanghai, and the impact of traffic emissions would be ever-prominent in 2030 according to our prediction. We also infer that the promotion of vehicular electrification would achieve further alleviation of PM_2.5 about 8.45% by 2030 gradually. These insights are of great significance to provide the decision-making basis for accurate and high-efficient traffic management and urban pollution control, and eventually benefit people's lives and high-quality sustainable developments of cities.