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固体废弃物浸出毒性特性及美国EPA的实验室测定(待续) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
围绕固体废弃物浸出毒性特性这个中心,综述了它在有害废弃物的鉴别和管理,在执行陆地处置限制法规过程中的重要作用。以及在保护水资源、特别是地下水资源方面的重要意义。并简要介绍和评论了美国固体废弃物浸出毒性的实验室测定方法EPT和TCLP。 相似文献
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Waste molding sands from the foundry industry have been successfully used as a component in manufactured soils, but concern over metal contamination must be addressed before many states will consider this beneficial use. Since there is little data available on this topic, the purpose of this study was to characterize total and leachable metals from waste molding sands. A total elemental analysis for Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn was conducted on 36 clay-bonded and seven chemically bonded molding sands. Total metal concentrations in the molding sands were similar to those found in agricultural soils. The leaching of metals (i.e. Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) was assessed via the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), and ASTM water leach test. Based on the TCLP data, none of the 43 molding sands would meet the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) characteristic for toxicity due to high Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, and Pb. Compared to the TCLP results, the metal concentrations were generally lower in the SPLP and ASTM extracts, which is likely related to the buffering capacity of the extraction fluids. 相似文献
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The sorption of aqueous lead on carbonate-hydroxyapatite (CHAp) is a complicated non-homogeneous solid/water reaction, which from the kinetic point of view has two stages. In the first stage, the reaction rate is so fast and the kinetic pathway so intricate that further research is required. In the second stage, the reaction rate slows down and the reaction process follows that of a first-order kinetic equation. Experimental results show that the relationship between the reaction rate constant k(1) and temperature T agrees with the Arrhenius equation, and that the activation energy of sorption (E(a)) is 11.93 kJ/mol and the frequency factor (A) is 2.51/s. The reaction rate constant k(1) increases with the Pb(2+) initial concentration and decreasing pH, but with increasing CHAp dosage. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectrum (SEM-EDS) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests indicate that the main sorption mechanism is dissolution-precipitation, in conjunction with surface sorption. 相似文献
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Due to environmental concerns and regulatory initiatives, electronics manufacturers are replacing the tin/lead solder commonly used on printed wire boards (PWBs) with alternative solders. To determine the potential waste management impacts of the alternative solders versus the tin/lead solder, two leaching tests on PWBs manufactured with five alternative types of solder were performed: the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). These tests are commonly used in the US regulatory community to assess pollutant leachability in different disposal scenarios. The article discusses the application and limitations of these tests. The five types of solders investigated were 63Sn/37Pb, 99.3Sn/0.7Cu, 95.5Sn/4Ag/0.5 Cu, 96Sn/2.5Ag/1Bi/0.5Cu, and 42Sn/1Ag/57Bi. The leaching tests were conducted on four PWB sections, each with a unique configuration and solder density. The largest lead concentrations were observed from the PWBs containing Sn/Pb solder, with concentrations exceeding the hazardous waste toxicity characteristic (TC) in TCLP leachates. Silver, the other regulated element used in the solders, was rarely detected, with none of the samples exceeding the TC limit for silver. High copper concentrations were observed and were determined to result from the PWB itself, not from the copper-containing solders. 相似文献
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Konstantinos Kostarelos Daniela Reale Dimitris Dermatas Ennio Rao Deok Hyun Moon 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2006,6(1-2):171-189
The presence of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in soil is an environmental concern due to its effect on human health. The concern
arises from the leaching and the seepage of Cr(VI) from soil to groundwater. In this paper, a stabilization technology to
prevent this problem was simulated on an artificial soil contaminated with hexavalent chromium. The process is a physico-chemical
treatment in which the toxic pollutant is physically entrapped within a solid matrix formed by the pozzolanic reactions of
lime and fly ash to reduce its leachability and, therefore, its toxicity. This paper presents the optimum ratio of fly ash
and lime in order to stabilize artificial soils contaminated with 0.4 wt.% of Cr (VI) in a brief term process. The degree
of chromium released from the soil was evaluated using a modified Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) by US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Overall, experimental results showed reduced leachability of total and hexavalent chromium
from soils treated with both fly ash and quicklime, and that leachability reduction was more effective with increasing amount
of fly ash and quicklime. Stabilization percentages between 97.3% and 99.7% of the initial chromium content were achieved,
with Cr(VI) concentration in the TCLP leachates below the US EPA limit for chromium of 5 mg/l. Adequate treatment was obtained
after 1 day of curing with just 25% fly ash and 10% quicklime. 相似文献
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对某煤和垃圾混烧流化床焚烧炉的一种灰样品进行了TCLP试验 ,研究了初始渗滤液pH值变化以及液固比变化对该灰中重金属渗滤特性的影响 .在初始渗滤液pH =6之前 ,渗滤后溶液的pH值升高迅速 ,pH =6之后 ,趋势缓慢 .试验结果表明灰中重金属极易在酸性环境中渗滤 .随着初始渗滤液液固比的增大 ,渗滤后溶液的pH值下降 ,渗滤液中的重金属浓度上升 ,灰中的重金属随液固比的增大不断滤出直至饱和状态 . 相似文献
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围绕固体废弃物浸出毒性特性这个中心,综述了它在有害废弃物的鉴别和管理,在执行陆地处置限制法规过程中的重要作用。以及在保护水资源,特别是地下水资源方面的重要意义,并简要介绍和评论了美国固体废弃物浸出毒性的实验室测定方法ETP和TCLP。 相似文献
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Ming Chen Lena Q MaSatya P Singh Rocky X CaoRicardo Melamed 《Advances in Environmental Research》2003,8(1):93-102
A long-term field-scale demonstration project on the feasibility of using P to immobilize Pb in a Pb-contaminated urban soil was conducted. Phosphate was applied at an average rate of 3040 mg P/kg soil based on a P/Pb molar ration of 4.0, with four treatments: T0, no P application; T1, H3PO4 only; T2, 1/2 H3PO4+1/2 CaH2PO4; and T3, 1/2 H3PO4+1/2 phosphate rock. Soil samples were collected and analyzed 220 days after the P applications. For all P treatments, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) extractable Pb levels in surface soils (0-10 cm) were reduced to below 5.0 mg Pb/l, with T2 also effective in reducing the TCLP Pb level in subsurface soils (10-30 cm, <4.63 mg/l). Sequential extraction analysis indicates that P was effective in transforming soil Pb from non-residual fractions to a residual fraction. Such a transformation was mainly through dissolution of Pb associated with carbonate fraction and precipitation of pyromorphite-like minerals, which were confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among these three treatments, T3 was the most effective in reducing Pb mobility and minimizing P and Pb leaching in the soil. Our research clearly demonstrates that P amendments were effective in immobilizing Pb in contaminated soil. 相似文献