南京市大气CO2浓度模拟及源贡献研究

定量研究城市区域人为CO_2通量对于控制温室气体排放具有重要意义,而基于大气CO_2浓度观测与大气传输模型方法反演区域尺度的CO_2通量是未来的一个重要发展方向,其中模型对大气CO_2浓度的模拟则是能否成功反演CO_2通量的重要基础,然而我国还未有针对城市区域CO_2浓度的长时间(1年)模拟.本研究基于高空间分辨率的人为源CO_2资料与拉格朗日大气传输模型(WRF-STILT),对南京市郊区34 m观测高度处2014年大气CO_2浓度进行模拟,并就模型模拟结果的主要影响因素和源贡献组成进行了分析,研究得出以下结论:(1)WRF-STILT模型能较好模拟出4个季节观测到的高CO_2浓度及有季节差异性的日变化特征.(2)观测CO_2浓度的足迹贡献源区(footprint)的季节变化在盛行风向影响下差异巨大,CO_2浓度增加值在前1 d的主要贡献占据总浓度贡献的90%,表明该34 m高度观测点可代表长三角区域的CO_2排放量的影响,而安徽东部和江苏中南部对其影响更大;(3)相对于排放源的日变化,边界层高度等气象因素的差异是引起CO_2强日变化的主要因素,这也是模拟的各季度浓度增加值差异的原因,其中秋季(34.97μmol·mol-1)冬季(30.07μmol·mol-1)夏季(27.28μmol·mol-1)春季(23.36μmol·mol-1);(4)浓度的主要贡献来源分别为石油生产(41%)和能源工业(26%),这和长三角区域的人为源CO_2排放通量差异巨大(石油生产:3%,能源工业:35%).     

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

● Coupling merits of SEE and ERH were explored by a laboratory-scale device. ● SEE promotes the soil electrical conductivity and ERH process. ● Preheating soil by ERH improves the soil permeability and SEE. ● Combined method is more energy-efficient for perchloroethylene extraction. In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) technology effectively remediates soil contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). However, more efforts are required to minimize the energy consumption of ISTD technology. This study developed a laboratory-scale experimental device to explore the coupling merits of two traditional desorption technologies: steam-enhanced extraction (SEE) and electrical resistance heating (ERH). The results showed that injecting high-density steam (> 1 g/min) into loam or clay with relatively high moisture content (> 13.3%) could fracture the soil matrix and lead to the occurrence of the preferential flow of steam. For ERH alone, the electrical resistance and soil moisture loss were critical factors influencing heating power. When ERH and SEE were combined, preheating soil by ERH could increase soil permeability, effectively alleviating the problem of preferential flow of SEE. Meanwhile, steam injection heated the soil and provided moisture for maintaining soil electrical conductivity, thereby ensuring power stability in the ERH process. Compared with ERH alone (8 V/cm) and SEE alone (1 g/min steam), the energy consumption of combined method in remediating perchloroethylene-contaminated soil was reduced by 39.3% and 52.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that the combined method is more favorable than ERH or SEE alone for remediating DNAPL-contaminated subsurfaces when considering ISTD technology.     

制药企业密集区空气中VOCs污染特性及健康风险评价

为研究制药企业密集区产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs)对环境和人群健康的影响,在制药企业密集区周边8个点位采集168个样品,采用预浓缩-GC-MS法测定VOCs的含量,并通过美国环境保护署(US EPA)的健康风险评价模型,对制药企业密集区挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染进行评价.结果表明,制药企业密集区共检测出32种物质,总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度为2.04 mg·m-3,芳香烃类和酮类所占比例较高,分别占总VOCs浓度的43%和28%;大部分VOCs浓度是背景值的十倍或百倍.检测到的19种存在健康危害的VOCs不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害;但1,3-丁二烯、氯仿、四氯化碳、苯和1,1,2-三氯乙烷等5种VOCs对人体有致癌健康危害.密集区总VOCs的累积致癌风险指数远超可接受数量级,说明制药企业密集区排放的VOCs对人体以致癌健康危害为主.     

我国农业农村污染治理与监管体系主要问题及对策建议

我国农村环保工作起步晚、基础差、保障不足,主要表现为政策标准体系尚需完善、农业农村污染治理责任仍未充分落实、适应农村社会经济特点的环境监管机制亟待建立、农业农村污染治理模式欠缺以及农村环境保护技术帮扶和宣传教育任重道远。针对这些问题,结合国内外实践经验,本文提出几点建议:一是要建立全面协调的农村生态环境管理政策体系;二是要夯实各级政府和部门的农村环保责任;三是要构建适应农村特点的环境监管体系;四是要探索便捷有效的农村环境治理模式;五是要完善农村环境教育和帮扶体系。     

新疆工业固体废物状况及对策与建议

根据新疆工业固体废物的产生特点及工业固体废物处理处置现状,提出适用于本地的对策与建议。     

贵州省土壤信息系统(GSIS)空间数据库的设计与建立

本文讨论了在PAMAPGIS(V4 .2 )支持下 ,贵州省土壤信息系统 (GSIS)空间数据库的设计、构建、功能以及应用。该数据库主要由三部分组成 :1 )基础地理信息。如数字高程模型 (DEM)、行政区划、交通网络等 ;2 )GSIS专题信息。包括土壤类型、理化性质、土地利用、农业气象等 ;3 )统计数据。主要有社会经济概况及历史灾害等。GSIS空间数据库可以提供空间及属性数据查询、不同数据格式间的相互转换、土地资源的快速准确分析、土地资源管理和评价以及土壤侵蚀调查。GSIS空间数据库的建立有望在贵州省国土规划与整治、农业的持续发展和生态环境监测等方面发挥较为积极的作用。     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

用于气溶胶采样预分离的直流式旋风分离器

频繁的滤材堵塞是大气气溶胶采样器(流量大于500 m3/h)运行中常见的问题,安装预分离器是缓解这一问题的有效途径之一。研究了可用于这种气溶胶取样器预分离的旋风分离器,确定了使用轴流进气直流式的结构。在惯性分离理论的基础上,提出了切割粒径的计算方法。建立了流量为700～800 m3/h的预分离器性能测试装置和方法,并对3个旋风分离器性能进行了测试。实验结果表明:3个旋风分离器的切割粒径在12～14.5μm,与计算较好地符合;性能最佳的旋风分离器的切割粒径为14.5μm,10μm颗粒的透过率为73%,符合技术要求。     

2015—2018年春节期间合肥烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

根据2015—2018年颗粒物浓度数据、颗粒物组分、激光雷达等资料,分析烟花爆竹燃放对合肥市空气质量的影响。研究发现,随着烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度的加强,2018年合肥市烟花爆竹对空气质量影响较2015—2017年显著下降,2018年春节期间PM₁₀与PM_2.5峰值浓度比2017年分别下降44.4%和52.9%,污染峰值容易出现在除夕和初一前后。春节期间合肥市大气污染总体上呈现自东北到西南逐渐减轻的趋势,周边县(市)空气质量的污染程度比城区更加严重。烟花爆竹的燃放导致空气中金属元素浓度和SO₄2-浓度明显增加,富集因子法发现呈现严重富集重金属元素Sr、Zn、Ba、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb和其他元素(如K、As)。2018年烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度加强后,K、As、Sn、Sb元素富集程度呈现下降趋势,较高消光系数对应的高度范围较2017年大幅减小,并且污染带厚度显著降低,城区依然可能存在外来污染传输的颗粒物下沉现象,周边大片农村和城乡结合部的烟花爆竹集中燃放同样会导致被其包围的城区空气质量迅速恶化。