上海城市河岸带土壤反硝化作用研究

2011年4月至2012年2月,以2个月为周期,在上海市不同地点浦东(PD)、金山(JS)、嘉定(JD)、青浦(QP)、崇明(CM)、闵行(MH)采集不同类型城市河岸带土壤,采用乙炔抑制法测定土壤反硝化速率.结果表明,上海河岸带土壤反硝化速率介于1.00 ～ 82.92μmol·m-2·h-1之间,时空差异明显.不同区域,农田背景下的河岸带土壤反硝化速率(浦东:29.51 μmol·m-2h-1,嘉定:36.99μmol·m-2·h-1)要高于以草地(青浦:4.95 μmol·m-2·h-1,闵行:7.84 μmol·m-2·h-1)、矮灌丛(金山:27.83 μmol·m-2·h-1,崇明:23.26 μmol·m-2·h-1)背景为主的河岸带土壤;垂直变化上,2～5 cm深度处的河岸带土壤反硝化速率最大,随深度增加反硝化速率呈逐步降低趋势;季节变化上,河岸带土壤反硝化速率呈现夏秋高冬春低的特点,夏季是反硝化作用最为强烈的季节.温度、pH值、土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)、土壤总氮(Soil Total Nitrogen,STN)等是影响反硝化速率的重要因子,其中,反硝化速率与温度、SOC、STN含量呈正相关关系,与pH值呈负相关关系.     

上海市PM2.5重金属污染水平与健康风险评价

为了解上海市大气环境中PM_2.5及其重金属的污染特征和健康风险,于2012年5~10月对上海市普陀区（PT）、闵行区（MH）和崇明岛（CM）大气颗粒物PM_2.5及其重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量进行了监测.结果显示,PM_2.5质量浓度介于13.66~143.52 μg·m^-3之间,其中,普陀和闵行大气中PM_2.5的含量高于崇明岛,且于5月、9月和10月超出国家空气质量二级标准（24 h均值75 μg·m^-3）.3个监测点PM_2.5中重金属含量的时间分布规律与PM_2.5一致;崇明岛PM_2.5中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量整体上低于普陀和闵行,而Cr的含量则较高.5种重金属元素对成年男性的健康风险最大,其次是成年女性,对儿童青少年的健康风险则最小;其中,Cd和Cr的风险指数要高于Cu、Pb、Zn的风险指数.     

灾害风险理论与风险管理方法研究

灾害风险与风险管理理论是当前学术研究的热点问题,但是对灾害风险内涵的认识还没有统一.在综述国内外灾害风险理论成果的基础上,通过对当前研究现状的综合分析,提出了灾害风险的定义和理论模型.依据对灾害风险理论的界定和认识,从风险辨识、风险分析、风险评估和风险减缓4个方面构建了灾害风险管理理论框架.最后,针对当前灾害风险管理的研究现状明确了未来研究的方向和建议.     

A comprehensive investigation and assessment of mercury in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai

The aims of this paper were to survey the total Hg levels and distribution character in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai, and identify the environment factors that might influence the sediment Hg concentrations, and to assess the pollution degree and potential ecological risk of Hg in sediment. Eighty-eight surface sediment samples and 18 sediment cores were collected for Hg contamination analysis. Physicochemical properties including Eh, particle size, content of total organic carbon (TOC), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) were also measured. Index of geo-accumulation (I _geo) and potential ecological risk index were used respectively to assess the pollution levels and the ecological risk of sediment Hg. The average of total Hg concentrations in surface sediments was 107.4?±?90.9 ng/g with the range from 0 to 465.9 ng/g. Higher Hg concentrations were generally found in surface sediments near sewage outfalls and the mouth of rivers. Total Hg concentrations were significantly correlated with TOC (p?<?0.05) both in surface (r?=?0.24) and core (r?=?0.29) sediments, but not with the other environment factors (Eh, AVS, and particle size). Geo-accumulation index indicated that Hg contamination in intertidal sediments was generally at none to moderate degree, while potential ecological risk index demonstrated that the risk caused by Hg were at moderate to considerable level. Intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai has generally been contaminated by Hg, and it might pose moderate to considerable risk to the local ecosystem. The Hg contamination is related more to the coastal pollution sources and complicated hydrodynamic and sedimentary conditions than the other environment factors studied.     

基于GIS的上海城市灰尘重金属空间分布特征研究

基于ArcGIS地统计分析模块,以上海市外环以内为研究区域,对上海城市道路和公园灰尘中重金属Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn含量水平和空间分布特征进行了研究.研究表明:上海城市灰尘重金属平均含量水平普遍较高,Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn平均含量分别为273.45、144.01、190.01、86.26、708.25 mg·kg-1,分别高出上海土壤背景值10.7、1.9、6.6、2.7、8.2倍;外环区域Pb、Zn、Ni污染严重,尤以工业区、商业区以及交通繁忙区最突出.地统计分析表明,Pb和Cu呈较弱的空间相关性,说明Pb和Cu的空间变异以人为影响为主;Zn、Cr和Ni为中等相关,说明随机性因素和结构因素对这3种元素都有较大影响;基于ArcGIS的地统计学分析工具能够较好地反映重金属污染的空间分布格局.     

水动力作用对潮滩表层沉积物重金属时空分布的影响

选取上海滨岸滩具有代表性的4个采样断面，分析了重金属在潮滩表层沉积物中的季节含性量变化。结果表明，在水动力作用较弱的地貌部位，表层沉积物中重金属元素明显趋于富集。在崇明东旺沙、白龙港排污口附近和奉新边滩表层沉积物中，Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn的最低值出现于夏季，而在东海农场表层沉积物中，这几中重金属元素的最低值出现于秋季，夏季值反而较高。Cd与此不同。这说明在长江冲淡水作用下，重金属污染物能沿岸发生迁移与扩散，Cd受长江冲淡水影响较小。     

Eutrophication and algal blooms in channel type reservoirs: A novel enclosure experiment by changing light intensity

To explore eutrophication and algal bloom mechanisms in channel type reservoirs, a novel enclosure experiment was conducted by changing light intensity (LI) in the Daning River of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Square enclosures (side 5.0 m) were covered on the surface with shading materials of different thickness, and with their bases open to the river. Changes and characteristics of the main eutrophication factors under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions but different LI were evaluated. All experimental water samples were neutral and alkalescent, with high nitrogen and phosphate concentrations, low potassium permanganate index, stable water quality, and different LI. At the same water depth, LI decreased with increasing shade material, while dissolved oxygen and water temperature were both stable. The growth peak of phytoplankton was with light of 345-4390 lux underwater or 558-7450 lux above the water surface, and water temperature of 25.6-26.5℃. Algae were observed in all water samples, accounting for 6 phylum and 57 species, with algal density changing frequently. The results showed that significantly strong or weak light was unfavorable for phytoplankton growth and the function together with suitable temperature and LI and ample sunshine encouraged algal blooms under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that algae reduced gradually lengthwise along water depth in the same enclosure while pH became high. The power exponent relationship between chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and LI was found by curve fitting, that is Chl-a = K(LI)ⁿ.     

黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中汞、砷的分布特征

对黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中Hg、As的含量及分布进行了调查研究.结果表明,水中Hg、As的浓度范围分别为0.0407～0 2287μg·L-1、0.6087～5.2667μg·L-1,平均值分别为0.1492μg·L-1、2.7442μg·L-1;与地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准相比,83.3%的样点Hg浓度超标,As未出现超标现象.沉积物中Hg、As的含量范围分别为0.0479～0.4169mg·kg-1、4.84～9.01mg·kg-1,平均值分别为0.1488 mg·kg-1、6.59mg·kg-1;57.1%的样点Hg含量超过了上海市土壤背景值,As含量未超标.从空间分布来看,位于工业园区河流的采样点及河流入江口的采样点水体中Hg、As浓度较高.沉积物对Hg、As的浓缩系数分别位于209～2361、1113～11171之间.沉积物中Hg、As的含量均与有机碳含量成显著正相关关系,表明本研究区域沉积物中有机碳是Hg、As含量的主要影响因子.根据Hg、As的分布特征,推断黄浦江上游饮用水源地Hg、As的污染源主要包括工业污染源、农业污染源、生活污水垃圾、上游来水、河流沉积物的二次污染、来往船只污染物的排放等.     

上海临港新城滴水湖生态系统健康评价

为了对临港新城的水利调度中心——滴水湖做出科学、全面的生态系统健康诊断,结合滴水湖表层水体和湖泊底泥的理化性质、生态特征指标和临港新城的社会发展状况,筛选构建最小数据集的指标,并依据各指标的特性选择合适的评分标准,再利用层次分析法得出指标的权重值,最后根据评价分级对滴水湖生态系统健康状况做出评价.本研究共筛选得到15个指标构成滴水湖生态系统评价模型的最小数据集,包含了水体DO、TP和底泥TOC、TP、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Chl-a、浮游植物生物量(BA)、能质(Ex)、结构能质(Exst)、申港街道人口密度、滴水湖景区年接待游客量、绿化覆盖率等.评价结果显示,2012年冬季、2013年春季和夏季滴水湖生态系统健康指数分别为0.76、0.71和0.69,总体上处于"较健康"的稳定水平,与实际情况相符,也证明了滴水湖水体近年来处于中、轻度富营养化状态.研究表明,目前制约滴水湖生态系统健康的主要因子为底泥TP、BA和Exst,需要继续控制人为外源P排放入湖,提高上游来水水质,增加浮游生物量以提高生态系统的结构能质.     

夏季潮滩对上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液氮、磷净化效果研究

垃圾填埋产生的渗滤液造成的环境污染问题El益严重。采用自然湿地对垃圾渗滤液净化有诸多优点,而相关的研究较少。根据渗滤液的不同浓度和不同滞留时间的净化效果不同,采用实验室模拟和培养的方法来研究老港垃圾填埋场附近潮滩对垃圾渗滤液营养盐N、P的净化效果。研究发现：夏季老港中、低潮滩在较短滞留时间（6h）内对各浓度渗滤液中N、P的净化效果不明显,而在较长滞留时间内（96h）中、低潮滩对各浓度渗滤液净化效果明显,净化后污水中N、P含量可达到排放标准;垃圾渗滤液质量分数为5％时,潮滩对N、P的净化效果最为明显。