老化过程中铜形态变化的X射线吸收精细结构谱的(XAFS)初步研究

利用X射线吸收精细结构谱(XAFS)对老化过程中土壤中铜的分子形态进行初步表征。以硫酸铜、氧化铜和硫化铜的X射线吸收扩展边结构(EXAFS)谱为参比,对土壤样品中Cu的EXAFS谱进行拟合,得到不同老化阶段与参比物质相对应的结合态Cu的百分含量,并与连续提取法表征进行比较。XAFS分析结果表明,老化阶段土壤样品中铜的主要结合形态是CuSO_4,同时还有部分CuS,基本不含有CuO。随着时间的推移,土壤中CuSO_4百分含量呈现出下降的趋势,CuS百分含量呈现出上升的趋势。这与连续提取法研究结果中其可交换态的百分比下降,残渣态上升的趋势相似。     

铅对赤子爱胜蚓抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了老化和未经老化土壤中Pb(NO₃)₂对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)体内SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、POD(过氧化物酶)活性的影响. 结果表明:在测试范围(w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕为200~1000 mg/kg)内,Pb(NO₃)₂对蚯蚓体内3种抗氧化酶的活性均有显著性影响. 暴露于未经老化土壤1、14、21d时,蚯蚓体内SOD和CAT活性均随土壤中w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕的增加而降低,高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕下,与对照组相比这2种抗氧化酶活性均降低了约40%. POD活性除第1、3天在高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕中显著变化外,其他暴露时间、暴露水平中均无显著性变化. 暴露于老化(28d)土壤1d后,蚯蚓体内SOD、POD、CAT活性均随土壤中w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕的增加而升高,高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕下,与对照组相比这3种抗氧化酶活性分别升高了359%、147%和233%;然而,随着暴露时间的延长,3种抗氧化酶活性又呈显著降低趋势. 总体上,蚯蚓体内CAT和SOD活性变化趋势基本一致. 研究显示,土壤老化对铅毒性产生了影响,因此在进行毒性试验时应予以考虑.      

改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解活性蓝19的机理及老化研究

采用磷酸改性的黍糠基生物炭作为纳米零价铁（Nanoscale zero-valent iron,nZVI）载体,成功制备出一种高效非均相活化材料—磷酸改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁（nZVI@PBC）,用来活化过硫酸盐（Persulfate,PS）降解印染废水中的典型染料—活性蓝（Reactive Blue 19,RB19）.nZVI@PBC表征结果表明,经磷酸改性后的生物炭具有更大的比表面积、更丰富的孔隙结构和活性官能团,有利于后续nZVI的负载及对污染物的降解.通过批次试验探究了nZVI@PBC投加量、PS浓度和初始pH值对nZVI@PBC/PS体系降解RB19的影响.结果表明,在RB19初始浓度为200 mg·L^-1,pH值为4,PS浓度为2 mmol·L^-1,nZVI@PBC投加量为0.1 g·L^-1的条件下,反应60 min后nZVI@PBC/PS体系对RB19的降解率达到93.81%.自由基猝灭剂试验和电子顺磁共振（EPR）结果表明,SO₄^·-和·OH自由基均参与降解过程.nZVI@PBC/PS体系的活化机理为：nZVI首先与溶液中的O₂、H₂O、PS发生反应,生成具有活化能力的Fe（Ⅱ）,随后Fe（Ⅱ）与PS发生非均相活化产生高活性的自由基.此外,探究了不同老化条件（包括置于水中、空气中及密封储存）对nZVI@PBC活性的影响.结果显示,在接触空气和密封储存的老化条件下并未对其活性产生显著影响,而水体环境对其活化性能破坏较严重.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

滤床熟化周期及其主要影响因素的研究

阐述滤床熟化的概念及其形成机理,对影响熟化床层的因素进行了试验研究,结果表明进水浊度、混凝效果及洗砂量是影响熟化床层的主要因素。由于集成型给水处理设备的表面滤层一直处于熟化状态,而滤层水流方向的深处滤料始终处于清洁状态,砂滤器内始终保持一种动态的平衡关系,滤床运行在熟化后的有效过滤期,因而能够保证较高的出水水质。     

聚氯乙烯彩色型材耐候性能测试与评价

通过对彩色型材老化性能的全面评价,得出不同的着色工艺如共挤、覆膜、涂装、通体以及不同的色系对老化性能有很大的影响,通体着色以及PVC/PVC共挤彩色型材的耐候性比较差:附着力、剥离强度、色差、冲击强度保留率等指标能比较全面的表征彩色型材的耐候性能.     

嗜水气单胞菌强化老化纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

基于老化对纳米零价铁（NZVI）去除水中Cr（VI）的不利影响,本研究考察了接种嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）强化老化NZVI对水中Cr（VI）的去除,并分析了溶解氧、温度、pH、Cr（VI）初始浓度对其去除Cr（VI）的影响,同时利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等分析了反应前后材料的形貌特征及Cr的价态变化.结果表明,接种嗜水气单胞菌能显著提高无氧条件下老化NZVI对Cr（VI）的去除效果,且在酸性条件和30~40 ℃条件下去除效果较好,可能是因为该条件下更有利于老化NZVI的腐蚀和微生物的生长,此外,Cr（VI）去除效率随Cr（VI）初始浓度升高而降低.在pH=6,温度为30 ℃,老化nZVI投加量为0.1 g·L^-1,Cr（VI）初始浓度为50 mg·L^-1的条件下反应24 h后,Cr（VI）的去除率可达到100%.XPS分析表明,反应后NZVI表面沉积的Cr主要以Cr（III）的形式存在,可能为Cr（OH）₃沉淀或Fe_xCr_1-x（OH）₃共沉淀物.动力学研究发现,Cr（VI）去除过程符合准二级动力学,去除机制为Cr（VI）的吸附、还原与共沉淀,其中以还原作用为主.     

Aging of PVDF and PES ultrafiltration membranes by sodium hypochlorite: Effect of solution pH

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is a commonly applied cleaning agent for ultrafiltration membranes in water and wastewater treatment. Long-term exposure to NaClO might change the properties and performance of polymeric membranes, and ultimately shorten membrane lifespan. Active species in NaClO solution vary with solution pH, and the aging effects can change depending on the membrane material. In this study, the aging of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES) membranes by NaClO at pH 3–11 was investigated by examining variations in chemical composition, surface charge, surface morphology, mechanical strength, permeability, and retention ability. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), which was blended in both membranes, was oxidized and dislodged due to NaClO aging at all investigated pH values, but the oxidation products and dislodgement ratio of PVP varied with solution pH. For the PVDF membrane, NaClO aging at pH 3–11 caused a moderate increase in permeability and decreased retention due to the oxidation and release of PVP. The tensile strength decreased only at pH 11 because of the defluorination of PVDF molecules. For the PES membrane, NaClO aging at all investigated pH resulted in chain scission of PES molecules, which was favored at pH 7 and 9, potentially due to the formation of free radicals. Therefore, a decrease in tensile strength and retention ability, as well as an increase in permeability, occurred in the PES membrane for NaClO aging at pH 3–11. Overall, the results can provide a basis for selecting chemical cleaning conditions for PVDF and PES membranes.     

Sperm viability staining in ecology and evolution: potential pitfalls

The causes and consequences of variation in sperm quality, survival and ageing are active areas of research in ecology and evolution. In order to address these topics, many recent studies have measured sperm viability using fluorescent staining. Although sperm viability staining has produced a number of interesting results, it has some potential pitfalls that have rarely been discussed. In the present paper, I review the major findings of ecology and evolution studies employing sperm viability staining and outline the method’s principle limitations. The key problem is that the viability assay may itself kill sperm, which is likely to confound many common experimental designs in addition to producing artificially low estimates of sperm viability. I further suggest that sperm number should be routinely measured in sperm viability studies, as it may be an important but overlooked source of spurious results. I provide methodological advice on sperm viability staining aimed at minimising artefacts and producing robust conclusions, and discuss possible avenues for future research. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

自然老化木材燃烧过程热行为特性研究

为提供古建筑火灾数值模拟及风险评估的基础理论,从自然老化角度入手,选取经过长久自然老化的建筑服役木材作为研究对象,通过扫描电镜(SEM)及热物性试验对比分析自然老化木材与参照木材的外观形态及热传导特征;采用差示扫描量热DSC法,研究自然老化木材在燃烧过程中热释放的阶段特性,分析不同升温速率对老化木材热行为影响特征;基于...