Acute and chronic toxicity of organophosphate monocrotophos to Daphnia magna

The acute and chronic toxicity of monocrotophos (MCP), the binary joint toxicity of MCP and bifenthrin (BF), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to Daphnia magna (D. magna) was evaluated. The 24 h-median effective concentration (24 h-EC₅₀) and 48 h-median lethal concentration (48 h-LC₅₀) of MCP towards D. magna were 161 and 388 μ g/L, respectively. In addition, the lowest-observed effective concentration (LOEC) and non-observed effective concentration (NOEC) of MCP to D. magna were 10 and 5 μ g/L, respectively. Furthermore, the chronic value (ChV) of MCP against D. magna was 7 μ g/L and the acute chronic ratio (ACR) was 55. The number of offspring per female and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were identified as the parameters that were most sensitive to MCP. In addition, toxic unit (TU) analysis was employed to evaluate the joint toxicities. The calculated TU_mix values of binary equitoxic mixtures of MCP + BF and MCP + SDBS were 1.47 and 1.63, respectively, which suggests that both equitoxic mixtures exert a limited antagonistic effect. The results of this study revealed that the toxic threshold of MCP towards D. magna is higher than its reported highest residue (4 μ g/L) in the ordinary aquatic environment, and that concurrent exposure to BF or SDBS may exert a slight antagonistic effect.     

水生植物修复氮、磷污染水体研究进展

氮、磷是引起水体富营养化、导致水质恶化的重要因素,因此去除氮、磷一直是污水处理的重要任务.鉴于传统物理、化学方法存在的操作难、成本高、易产生二次污染等问题,人们越来越多地将目光转向利用水生植物去除氮、磷营养物质、净化水质上.介绍了近年来国内外应用水生植物修复氮、磷污染水体的方法、效果及其影响因素,探讨了水生植物净化污染水体的机制.针对目前研究中的不足,提出今后应在不同植物种类开发、植物组合优化以及植物的净化机制等方面加强研究.     

Eichhornia crassipes capability to remove naphthalene from wastewater in the absence of bacteria

The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential of an aquatic plant, the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) devoid rhizospheric bacteria, to reduce naphthalene (a polyaromatic hydrocarbon) present in wastewater and wetlands.The capability of sterile water hyacinth plants to remove naphthalene from water and wastewater was studied in batch systems. Water hyacinths enhance the removal of pollutants through their consumption as nutrients and also through microbial activity of their rhizospheric bacteria.Experimental kinetics of naphthalene removal by water hyacinth coupled with natural rhizospheric bacteria was 100% after 9 d. Plants, decoupled of rhizospheric bacteria, reduced naphthalene concentration up to 45% during 7 d. Additionally, naphthalene uptake by water hyacinth revealed a biphasic behavior: a rapid first phase completed after 2.5 h, and a second, considerably slower rate, phase (2.5-225 h). In conclusion, water hyacinth devoid rhizospheric bacteria reduced significantly naphthalene concentration in water, revealing a considerable plant contribution in the biodegradation process of this pollutant.     

不同氮磷比对多年生水生植物生长特性影响的研究

从氮、磷等植物生长的环境因子出发，研究了高低氮磷营养水平下，不同氮／磷比例的富营养化水体对聚草（Myriophyllum spicatum）、黄花水龙（Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi）、喜旱莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）生长特性的影响。结果表明，聚草在氮磷比2：1时生物量最大，且生物量在高浓度水平处理明显大于低浓度水平处理（P〈0．01）；黄花水龙在氮磷比10：1～20：1时生物量最大，高低浓度水平处理问生物量无显著性差异；喜旱莲子草在较高氮磷比20：l～40：1时生物量最大，高浓度水平处理时生物量显著性高于低浓度水平处理（P〈0．05）。在低浓度水平处理时，氮为黄花水龙和喜旱莲子草生长的主要限制因子，磷为聚草生长的主要限制因子，且喜早莲子草叶绿素增长期较其他处理提前，而黄花水龙的叶绿素变化在高低营养水平下差异不显著。营养盐水平对聚草茎长和生物量的影响较对黄花水龙和喜旱莲子草的影响明显。     

太湖草型湖区沉积物再悬浮对水体营养盐的影响

再悬浮过程中沉积物对水体营养盐的内源贡献是湖泊,特别是浅水湖泊富营养化研究中的重要问题.采用原位沉积物柱样和原状上覆水的Y型扰动装置,被用来研究常规风情下太湖草型湖区沉积物的再悬浮和沉降过程对水体营养盐负荷的影响.结果表明,小风和中风的再悬浮过程导致水体氨氮和磷酸根磷含量显著下降,单位面积水柱含量最大变化量分别为-0.140 g·m-2和-1.59 mg·m-2;大风条件下,水体氨氮含量下降幅度很小,磷酸盐则出现明显增加趋势,最大增量为0.81mg·m-2.再悬浮过程之后的沉降过程中,中、小风条件的水体氨氮含量变小,大风条件的含量没有明显变化.磷酸根磷含量在中、小风条件下与风浪前差别较小,大风条件的含量则明显增大,最大增量为1.36 mg·m-2.因此,沉积物的再悬浮过程和沉降过程对上覆水体的营养盐动态负荷都产生重要影响.与太湖无植被湖区的研究结果对比说明,水生植物的存在对风浪作用下沉积物与上覆水的物质交换有一定的抑制作用.     

斑鳢等鱼贝类去毒相关基因的克隆

采用RT-PCR和RACE法,克隆得到斑鳢、鲢鱼CYPlA与斑鳢HSP70基因cDNA的核心序列,序列长度分别为908 bp、902 bp、684 bp,分别编码302、300、228个氨基酸;还克隆得到斑鳢、近江牡蛎GPX基因cDNA的部分序列,长度分别为720 bp、727 bp,分别编码119、232个氨基酸.多个重要养殖水生动物的去毒相关基因的成功克隆,为水产养殖动物去毒相关基因结构、功能、表达调控研究以及今后定向筛选高食用安全保障的水产品奠定基础.     

受污染原水中有机物去除中试集成系统的工艺对比研究

在中试集成系统水平上对比研究了常规工艺、预臭氧化工艺、粒状活性炭吸附工艺、臭氧-生物活性炭工艺对受污染源水中的有机物及消毒副产物前体的去除效果.结果表明,前2种工艺对有机物的去除效能大致在50%～60%,后2种则能达到75%～90%.与前2种相比,后2种为更有效地去除受污染原水中有机物的方法.建议采用Ⅱ类及更优水体为水源的水厂考虑使用常规处理或季节性水质变化时采用预氧化工艺;而对于那些以Ⅲ类或更差水体为主水源的水厂则应考虑增设GAC或BAC设备,以满足饮用水水质新标准要求.     

Rhizosphere effect of different aquatic plants on phosphorus depletion

A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52 mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis.     

浮床水蕹菜对养殖水体中营养物的去除效果研究

为研究浮床水蕹菜对池塘养殖水质的改善效果,于2007年6月至11月,在6个2000m2的标准养殖池塘进行了中试研究.3个池塘放养常规鱼类和部分名优鱼类,并利用浮床技术在水面上种植200m2的水蕹菜（Ipomoea aquatica）,另外3个池塘放养相同重量的常规鱼类作为对照塘.实验结果显示,种植塘的渔产量为1467k...     

水蚯蚓对硝化细菌活性影响的试验研究

采用SBR反应器富集培养富含硝化细菌的活性污泥,利用填料挂载的方法向SBR反应器投加水蚯蚓,考察了水蚯蚓对SBR反应器硝化效率及硝化细菌活性的影响.结果表明,SBR反应器挂载水蚯蚓后,SBR系统的硝化速率降低了16.65%,NO2--N氧化率减少量约为24%.通过对SBR系统单一周期各形态氮素浓度变化规律进行考察,发现...