Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) are odor pollutants in livestock waste, and skatole is a major component of boar taint. Skatole causes pulmonary edema and emphysema in ruminants and causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans. A gas chromatographic method that originally used a nitrogen–phosphorus detector to increase sensitivity was modified resulting in an improved flame ionization detection response for indole and skatole of 236% and 207%, respectively. The improved method eliminates the large amount of indole decomposition in the injector. A 10 μ g mL^–1 spike of indole and skatole in water and swine fecal slurries resulted in recovery of 78.5% and 96% in water and 76.1% and 85.8% in fecal slurries, respectively. The effect of the addition of nitroethane and nitroethanol at 21.8 mM in swine fecal slurries was studied on the microbial production of indole and skatole. Nitroethane and nitroethanol decreased the production of skatole in swine fecal slurries at 24 h. The nitroethane effect on l-tryptophan-supplemented fecal slurries after 6 and 24 h incubation resulted in a decrease of 69.0% (P = 0.02) and 23.5% skatole production, respectively, and a decrease of 14.9% indole at 6 h, but an increase in indole production of 81.1% at 24 h.     

Estimating Population Size of Elusive Animals with DNA from Hunter-Collected Feces: Four Methods for Brown Bears

Abstract:  Noninvasive genetic methods can be used to estimate animal abundances and offer several advantages over conventional methods. Few attempts have been made, however, to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the estimates. We compared four methods of estimating population size based on fecal sampling. Two methods used rarefaction indices and two were based on capture-mark-recapture (CMR) estimators, one combining genetic and field data. Volunteer hunters and others collected 1904 fecal samples over 2 consecutive years in a large area containing a well-studied population of brown bears ( Ursus arctos ). On our 49,000-km² study area in south-central Sweden, population size estimates ranged from 378 to 572 bears in 2001 and 273 to 433 bears in 2002, depending on the method of estimation used. The estimates from the best model in the program MARK appeared to be the most accurate, based on the minimum population size estimate from radio-marked bears in a subsection of our sampling area. In addition, MARK models included heterogeneity and temporal variation in detection probabilities, which appeared to be present in our samples. All methods, though, incorrectly suggested a biased sex ratio, probably because of sex differences in detection probabilities and low overall detection probabilities. The population size of elusive animals can be estimated reliably over large areas with noninvasive genetic methods, but we stress the importance of an adequate and well-distributed sampling effort. In cases of biased sampling, calibration with independent estimates may be necessary. We recommend that this noninvasive genetic approach, using the MARK models, be used in the future in areas where sufficient numbers of volunteers can be mobilized.     

畜禽粪便资源化利用技术和厌氧发酵法生物制氢

利用微生物在畜禽粪便处理的同时获得能源主要有2种方式,分别是厌氧产沼气和厌氧发酵法生物制氢。利用厌氧微生物处理畜禽粪便,在去除有机污染物的同时获得沼气是比较成熟的技术,而利用畜禽粪便厌氧发酵制氢的研究开展较晚,仍处于实验室研究阶段。但畜禽粪便资源化利用和发酵生物制氢技术发展迅速,而且可以有机结合。本文对两者的基本原理和最新研究进展进行了介绍,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

鲴对食微囊藻鲢鳙排泄物及藻活性的作用研究

开展室内模拟实验,研究鲢、鳙和鲴不同混养系统中排泄物的量及微囊藻活性的变化.实验设置鲢鳙组合,鲢鳙鲴组合以及对照组,其中鲢鳙生物量放养比例为3：1,鲢鳙鲴组合中生物量放养比例为3：1：1,实验周期14d.结果显示,鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组均能降低微囊藻密度,两组无显著差异（P>0.05）,但是均极显著小于对照组（P<0.01）.混养鲴鱼可以降低排泄物的量及微囊藻的被消化率,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物的量在第4d开始下降,实验结束时是鲢鳙组的16.08%.鲢鳙鲴组微囊藻的被消化率,第5d后快速增长,至实验结束达到85.9%,极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中的氨基酸和总氮含量相比未被摄食微囊藻减少率分别为33.17%、53.62%和34.97%、54.27%.鲢鳙鲴组和鲢鳙组排泄物光能活性（Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld、qP及NPQ表示）和生长活性差异（EPS、Chla表示）较大,鲢鳙组微囊藻叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）值经过短暂的下降后开始增长,而鲢鳙鲴组Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld及qP在培养过程中下降显著,且至第5d后叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）均极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙鲴组NPQ呈上升的趋势,且第7d后极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.在排泄物培养期间,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中微囊藻的胞外多糖（EPS）含量、叶绿素a（Chl a）浓度不断下降,至实验结束极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.结果表明,在鲢鳙控藻的基础上,混养鲴鱼可以减少鲢鳙摄食微囊藻后的排泄物,同时降低排泄物中微囊藻活性,减少了因鲢鳙排泄物引起的水环境污染和生态影响.     

广州市畜禽粪便污染与防治对策

论述了广州市畜牧业发展中粪便所可能产生的一些环境问题,分析了畜禽粪便污染的现状,提出了促进畜牧业可持续发展的对策和 措施。      

塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器处理效率低、运行和维护成本较高及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量优化等方面对反应器进行研究。反应器主要包括反应器主体、通风管、物料承托筛板和温度监控系统等,具有运行及维护简单、能源耗费低等优点。在通风高度为3 m,初始物料投加量5.65 kg(干重比︰粪便/锯末=1∶2.5),含水率约60%时,对人粪便进行好氧堆肥实验。结果表明,堆体温度最高至62℃,并且在50℃以上高温保持5 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为64.14%和56.45%;种子发芽指数为113.64%,完全达到腐熟标准。     

城镇粪便、易腐性生活垃圾、生活污水真空分类收运系统及资源化

对我国城镇粪便、易腐性生活垃圾、生活污水传统排放和处理模式的缺陷和存在的问题进行了分析。提出城镇粪便、易腐性生活垃圾、污水新型分类收运及快速制造有机复合肥系统，对其流程、原理、技术指标和社会、生态、经济意义做了简明的介绍，并与传统重力冲水排污系统从多方面进行了比较。     

玉米秸秆作为生态厕所基质处理人粪便的实验研究

利用日本科学技术振兴机构赠送的S-15型生态厕所,以玉米秸秆作为反应基质来处理人粪便,旨在研究玉米秸秆能否代替木屑作为生态厕所的反应基质.实验过程中,对粪便和玉米秸秆混合物的减量化情况、物理性状的变化以及温度、湿度、pH值、有机质、N、P、K等营养元素和碳氮比的变化情况进行了监测.结果表明:玉米秸秆能够代替木屑作为生态厕所的反应基质,且能够有效的降解人粪便,整个反应过程中粪便和玉米秸秆混合物的干重减少率为37.3%.最终残余物的pH值和碳氮比分别为8.02和13.7,且含有大量的N、P、K等营养物质,可以作为有机肥.     

Evaluation of Solvita compost stability and maturity tests for assessment of quality of end-products from mixed latrine style compost toilets

It is challenging and expensive to monitor and test decentralized composting toilet systems, yet critical to prevent the mismanagement of potentially harmful and pathogenic end-product. Recent studies indicate that mixed latrine composting toilets can be inhibited by high ammonia content, a product of urea hydrolysis. Urine-diverting vermicomposting toilets are better able to accomplish the goals of remote site human waste management by facilitating the consumption of fecal matter by earthworms, which are highly sensitive to ammonia. The reliability of Solvita® compost stability and maturity tests were evaluated as a means of determining feedstock suitability for vermicomposting (ammonia) and end-product stability/completeness (carbon dioxide). A significant linear regression between Solvita® ammonia and free ammonia gas was found. Solvita® ranking of maturity did not correspond to ranking assigned by ammonium:nitrate standards. Solvita® ammonia values 4 and 5 contained ammonia levels below earthworm toxicity limits in 80% and 100% of samples respectively indicative of their use in evaluating feedstock suitability for vermicomposting. Solvita® stability tests did not correlate with carbon dioxide evolution tests nor ranking of stability by the same test, presumably due to in situ inhibition of decomposition and microbial respiration by ammonia which were reported by the Solvita® CO₂ test as having high stability values.     

好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便堆肥中温降解的中试研究

控制温度为（35±2）℃，以新鲜锯末为空白载体，在控制含水率为55%~60%和强制通风的好氧条件下，进行为期15 d的实验，进行了人粪便好氧堆肥的中试研究，重点分析了在堆肥过程中有机物的降解、氮素的迁移转化规律及生物量的变化。结果表明，粪便中有机物含量在前2天稍微上升，然后迅速下降，最终去除率为71.82%；随着NH₃-N释放量的增加，堆料中N_tot含量从第4天开始减少，最终损失 22.61%，其中N_org损失占74.35%，NH₃-N占23.52%；所损失的氮素有91.66%以氨氮的形式释放。粪便中的有机物和氮的含量能在8~10 d后达到稳定，且堆体无臭味；粪便中溶解性有机物为微生物的生长提供营养物质，因此生物量变化的过程与有机物降解的有着紧密的联系；病原菌在堆肥过程中得到有效去除，表明该反应器堆肥的无害化。