一种新型铋基光催化剂的合成及其可见光催化性能

采用水热法合成铋基光催化剂Bi4VO8Br,通过X-射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜等手段对其进行表征.选择甲基橙为目标降解物来评价不同条件下合成的Bi4VO8Br在可见光下的光催化活性,发现pH 3、反应时间15 h、反应温度160℃为材料水热合成的最佳条件.考察了Bi4VO8Br在可见光及紫外光下对几种农药和增塑剂的光催化降解性能,显示了Bi4VO8Br对不易光解的含苯环有机物的可见光高活性.五氯酚的光催化过程影响因素优化结果表明,可见光和紫外光分别照射120 min和20 min,其降解率分别达到97％和99％,Bi4VO8Br表面上活性基团的捕获即空穴的氧化作用是主要反应原理.     

Survey-based analysis of evacuation preparation behaviors in a chemical leakage accident: A case study

Public evacuation preparation exerts an important impact on overall evacuation efficiency during regional evacuations. Early warnings often delay the occurrence of chemical accidents. Studying the characteristics of public evacuation preparation in such accidents will help develop better evacuation strategies considering the actual public response. In this work, the characteristics and factors influencing public evacuation preparation behaviors were analyzed by examining an evacuation case in China. The results indicated that the probability distribution of public's evacuation preparation time during a regional evacuation conforms to a Weibull distribution regardless of whether or not evacuation warnings were received. An estimation model of the traffic flow loading rate in a regional evacuation was then proposed on the basis of this finding. The results of this research can provide a reliable reference for evacuation modeling or logistics optimization for future incidents.     

A method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations in boreal headwater streams

Large-scale forestry operations, like clear-cutting, may impair surface water quality if not done with environmental considerations in mind. Catchment and country level estimates of nutrient loads from forestry are generally based on specific export values, i.e., changes in annual exports due to the implemented forestry operations expressed in kg ha⁻¹. We introduce here a specific concentration approach as a method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations and export in headwater streams. This new method is potentially a more dynamic and flexible tool to estimate nutrient loads caused by forestry, because variation in annual runoff can be taken into account in load assessments. We combined water quality data from eight boreal headwater catchment pairs located in Finland and Sweden, where the effect of clear-cutting on stream water quality has been studied experimentally. Statistically significant specific concentration values could be produced for total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate. The significant increases in the concentrations of these nutrients occurred between 2 and 6 years after clear-cutting. Significant specific concentration values could not be produced for total phosphorus and total organic carbon with the whole dataset, although in some single studies significant increases in their concentrations after clear-cutting were observed. The presented method enables taking into account variation in runoff, temporal dynamics of effects, and the proportional size of the treated area in load calculations. The number of existing studies considering large site-specific variation in responses to clear-cutting is small, and therefore further empirical studies are needed to improve predictive capabilities of the specific concentration values.     

聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂的制备及应用研究

为了研究絮凝效果与絮凝剂分子结构的关系,实验中制备了聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＡＭ）、阳离子化聚丙烯酰胺（ＣＰＡＭ）和部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＨＰ）,将其分别与ＦｅＣｌ３复配后处理钻井废水。实验探讨了絮凝剂的分子量、ＰＨＰ的水解度及阳离子度对絮凝作用的影响。实验结果表明：ＰＡＭ、ＣＰＡＭ、ＰＨＰ与无机混凝剂复配使用处理钻井废水时,最佳分子量是５００万,处理效果依次为ＰＨＰ＞ＰＡＭ＞ＣＰＡＭ。     

铜/海泡石催化净化CO性能的研究

以改性海泡石为载体,用真空浸渍法、沉积沉淀法和离子交换法负载Cu,制备Cu/海泡石催化剂,以CO氧化为模型反应考察该催化剂的催化氧化性能。在对比评价催化剂活性的同时,考察了不同条件下载体的改性以及铁组分的掺杂对催化氧化CO性能的影响。研究表明,制备方法对催化剂活性具有显著影响,真空浸渍法和沉积沉淀法制备的样品中,负载量为5%(质量)的Cu/海泡石催化剂对CO氧化有较高的活性。载体的改性亦对Cu/海泡石催化剂产生较大影响;Fe的加入并没有明显改善Cu/海泡石的催化性能。     

气体扩散电极制备及其对苯酚降解效果的研究

以质量比9∶1的活性炭和乙炔黑制备气体扩散电极,着重研究电流密度、pH值、曝气量等因素对H2O2产生量的影响.结果表明:pH值在较大范围内均适用;电流密度控制在50～75 mA/cm2,曝气量确定为5 L/min时,反应产生H2O2较多.另外,利用该气体扩散电极做阴极,石墨电极做阳极,以Na2SO4为电解质,研究了电解时间、电流密度、pH值、初始苯酚浓度、曝气量等因素对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:在电流密度为75 mA/cm2、曝气量为5 L/min、初始pH=3的条件下,当苯酚的初始浓度为80 mg/L时,1 h后其去除率达77%.     

块体纳米材料的制备及其应用

综述了块体纳米材料的制备技术及其发展 ,指出了常用方法存在的问题 ,并在此基础上论述了块体纳米材料的性能、应用及其发展趋势     

高铁酸钾水处理剂的制备及稳定性研究

通过次氯酸盐氧化法制备高铁酸钾的工艺,探讨了次氯酸盐浓度、铁盐投加量、反应温度等对高铁酸钾纯度、产率的影响,研究发现当初始ClO-浓度为137.3g/L,除盐工序温度控制在10℃左右,铁盐投加量为化学计量的30%时,可得到纯度为96.4%、产率为45.3%的高铁酸钾固体.用XRD、FIRT和SEM对高铁酸钾进行了表征分析.初步研究了高铁酸钾母液中KOH、KCl、KNO3、Fe(NO3)3、KClO等杂质对高铁酸钾溶液稳定性的影响,结果表明碱度越高,高铁酸钾溶液稳定性越强, KCl、KNO3使高铁酸钾溶液稳定性略有降低, KClO对高铁酸钾溶液具有强稳定性,三价铁盐的存在能促进高铁酸钾溶液的快速分解.     

高铁铝矾土制备聚合氯化铝铁及其在污水处理中的应用研究

利用含铁的低品位铝矾土为主要原料,添加适量铝酸钙粉,制备出絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁.制备方法为酸溶两步法.对影响聚合铝铁制备的因素,如盐酸浓度、盐酸用量、温度和铝酸钙粉用量等进行了系统研究,得到了制备聚合铝铁的优化条件,同时将该絮凝剂用于实际工业污水的处理.研究结果表明：制备的絮凝剂絮凝效果明显优于一些传统的絮凝剂;不仅具有去浊性能好、沉降快的优点,而且具有原料易得,制备成本低的优势.     

黄钠铁矾渣制备透明氧化铁黄的研究

研究了以黄钠铁矾渣为原料,采用滴加法制备透明铁黄的工艺条件,讨论了亚铁浓度、温度、通气量、搅拌速度及添加剂用量等因素对铁黄制备的影响.用XRD和TEM对产品进行表征.结果表明,铁黄粒子呈针状;长轴为95～125 nm,短轴为18～25 nm;无团聚现象,单分散性好.