Using interview surveys and multispecies occupancy models to inform vertebrate conservation

Species distribution data are an essential biodiversity variable requiring robust monitoring to inform wildlife conservation. Yet, such data remain inherently sparse because of the logistical challenges of monitoring biodiversity across broad geographic extents. Surveys of people knowledgeable about the occurrence of wildlife provide an opportunity to evaluate species distributions and the ecology of wildlife communities across large spatial scales. We analyzed detection histories of 30 vertebrate species across the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India, obtained from a large-scale interview survey of 2318 people who live and work in the forests of this region. We developed a multispecies occupancy model that simultaneously corrected for false-negative (non-detection) and false-positive (misidentification) errors that interview surveys can be prone to. Using this model, we integrated data across species in composite analyses of the responses of functional species groups (based on disturbance tolerance, diet, and body mass traits) to spatial variation in environmental variables, protection, and anthropogenic pressures. We observed a positive association between forest cover and the occurrence of species with low tolerance of human disturbance. Protected areas were associated with higher occurrence for species across different functional groups compared with unprotected lands. We also observed the occurrence of species with low disturbance tolerance, herbivores, and large-bodied species was negatively associated with developmental pressures, such as human settlements, energy production and mining, and demographic pressures, such as biological resource extraction. For the conservation of threatened vertebrates, our work underscores the importance of maintaining forest cover and reducing deforestation within and outside protected areas, respectively. In addition, mitigating a suite of pervasive human pressures is also crucial for wildlife conservation in one of the world's most densely populated biodiversity hotspots.     

煤矿应急管理外部扰动可测状态控制方案

为提高煤矿应急管理能力,在发生事故时进行迅速、正确的应急决策,采用状态空间表达式描述煤矿安全管理系统,对其进行稳定性分析,初步判定其在李雅普诺夫意义下稳定;根据鲁棒性能分析,判定该不确定系统是Q—稳定的。定义煤矿突发事故为系统控制过程的一种外在扰动,建立添加外部扰动参数的外扰系统模型,根据控制论原理,采用状态反馈加扰动顺馈的控制方法,可找到一种外扰可测状态下的控制律。从计算所得控制律及校正系统方程的系数矩阵可以得出系统输出不受外扰影响的控制方案。结果表明,瓦斯抽放、煤层注水、加大通风量等措施为瓦斯爆炸后可使煤矿恢复正常运作应采取的应急管理策略。     

扰动状态下pH值对内源磷生物有效性的影响

为了阐明底泥扰动状态下pH值对内源磷生物有效性的影响机制,以富营养化河流的底泥和上覆水为材料,通过实验室试验模拟了不同初始pH值条件下,底泥扰动对上覆水中溶解性磷酸盐(SRP)和底泥中生物有效磷(BAP)含量的影响。结果表明,底泥扰动显著降低了上覆水中SRP含量,其去除率随着初始pH值升高而降低。去除率从大到小依次排序为,pH5>pH7>pH9.5.SRP的去除与较低初始pH值条件下生成的非晶型铁氧化物有关。基于不同形态磷的迁移活性,采用NH4Cl-P+%BD-P(非闭蓄态Fe-P)+NaOH-nrP估算BAP是合理的.由此计算可知,BAP占总磷(Tot-P)的百分比随着初始pH值升高而降低。不同初始pH值条件下,BAP占Tot-P的百分比为33.36%(3种初始pH值条件下的平均值),该值远小于通过传统方法计算的BAP含量占Tot-P的百分比(平均为85.04%)。但由于2种方法中计算的BAP占Tot-P的百分比的变化趋势恰好相反,其与藻类可利用磷的变化密切相关。     

人为扰动背景下城市边缘溪流底质硝化-反硝化潜力分析

2016年5月至2017年1月,在合肥城区东北部边缘某一溪流的自然状态段(情形1)、点源排污段(情形2)和水土流失段(情形3)设置6个采样点位,逐月采集水样和表层底质样,解析不同情形下溪流底质硝化-反硝化潜力及其变化特征,并进行差异性和影响因素分析.结果表明:(1)溪流底质硝化活性均值为0.381%,并以情形2底质硝化活性最高,情形1的夏季硝化活性相对最强、冬季最弱,情形2、3硝化活性高低排序为:春季夏季秋季冬季;(2)溪流底质硝化速率均值为0.364mg·(kg·d)~(-1),其中以情形2底质硝化速率最高,情形2、3的各采样点春季硝化速率显著最高,其它季节相差不大,情形1的各季节变化不很明显;(3)溪流底质反硝化活性为37.25%,反硝化速率为57.68 mg·(kg·d)~(-1),其中情形2底质反硝化活性和反硝化速率都高于相同季节的其他情形,情形1、2的反硝化活性和反硝化速率高低排序均为:夏季春季秋季冬季,情形3的反硝化活性和反硝化速率排序均为:春季夏季秋季冬季;(4)差异性分析表明,情形1、2在硝化速率方面存在极显著差异性,情形1、3在反硝化活性、反硝化速率方面存在极显著差异性,而情形2、3在硝化速率、反硝化活性和反硝化速率方面均呈现极显著差异性;(5)偏最小二乘回归分析表明,3种情形在硝化活性和硝化速率方面重要贡献因素差异较大.     

不同干扰强度对滩涂围垦区土壤颗粒组成的时空分异特征的影响

滩涂是陆地与海洋间重要的生态交错带以及生态系统之一,随着沿海地区经济的发展,滩涂围垦成为缓解区域土地利用压力的重要途径之一。论文通过对不同围垦年限以及不同人类干扰强度下土壤粒径分布（Particle Size Distribution）的时空差异研究,比较了自然演变和人类活动双重影响下,垦区环境的变化过程及影响因素。结果表明：1）在60 a的围垦过程中,在强烈、中度和无人类干扰强度下,土壤粒径分布均表现出在脱盐过程中随围垦年限增加而砂粒减少、粉粒和粘粒增加的过程,脱盐后砂粒的年均下降率可达0.72%;2）在无干扰强度下,土壤粒径分布反映出滩涂围垦和脱离海水影响的自然过程,而强烈和中度干扰强度则在此基础上反映出人为和自然干扰的综合效果;3）耕种方式、时间以及土壤侵蚀等因素均会对土壤粒径分布的变化强度造成影响而表现出显著的空间差异性;4）土壤粒径的时空分布可以综合反映出滩涂围垦区的环境特点,对指导垦区内土地资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。在长期的围垦过程中,不同的开发利用时间及区位表现出了不同的关键影响因素,使垦区内土地利用格局和资源配置仍存在诸多不合理之处,随之带来相应的环境问题必须引起重视,为未来滩涂围垦区的合理规划提供理论依据。     

河蚬或藻存在下组合扰动对内源磷迁移的影响

为阐明河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)或铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)存在下,物理和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对内源磷再生和迁移转化的影响,以太湖梅梁湾上覆水和沉积物为研究对象,分析了上覆水、间隙水、沉积物中不同形态磷的变化规律.结果表明,与摇蚊幼虫扰动和组合扰动相比,河蚬或藻类的出现都会使得上覆水中不同形态磷(总磷、溶解性总磷、溶解性磷酸盐、颗粒态磷)显著增加.河蚬或藻类均导致间隙水DIP明显降低,并致使DIP峰值区域向更深处迁移(3~4cm变为4~5cm),而对照试验则相反.与对照试验相比,河蚬或藻存在下组合扰动均导致0~4cm沉积物NH₄Cl-P含量及其占总磷百分比降低,Fe/Al-P含量及其占总磷百分比增加,并且河蚬或藻对NH₄Cl-P降低和Fe/Al-P增加的影响基本一致.在多种扰动因素存下,摇蚊幼虫对上覆水中DTP和DIP贡献最大,后者可能源于摇蚊幼虫显著降低了间隙水中DIP含量及沉积物中NH₄Cl-P含量.这暗示了在组合扰动基础上叠加河蚬或者藻类,均进一步促进了内源磷再生和迁移.     

Pyric Herbivory: Rewilding Landscapes through the Recoupling of Fire and Grazing

Abstract:  Our understanding of fire and grazing is largely based on small-scale experimental studies in which treatments are uniformly applied to experimental units that are considered homogenous. Any discussion of an interaction between fire and grazing is usually based on a statistical approach that ignores the spatial and temporal interactions on complex landscapes. We propose a new focus on the ecological interaction of fire and grazing in which each disturbance is spatially and temporally dependent on the other and results in a landscape where disturbance is best described as a shifting mosaic (a landscape with patches that vary with time since disturbance) that is critical to ecological structure and function of many ecosystems. We call this spatiotemporal interaction pyric herbivory (literal interpretation means grazing driven by fire). Pyric herbivory is the spatial and temporal interaction of fire and grazing, where positive and negative feedbacks promote a shifting pattern of disturbance across the landscape. We present data we collected from the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in the southern Great Plains of North America that demonstrates that the interaction between free-roaming bison ( Bison bison ) and random fires promotes heterogeneity and provides the foundation for biological diversity and ecosystem function of North American and African grasslands. This study is different from other studies of fire and grazing because the fires we examined were random and grazing animals were free to roam and select from burned and unburned patches. For ecosystems across the globe with a long history of fire and grazing, pyric herbivory with any grazing herbivore is likely more effective at restoring evolutionary disturbance patterns than a focus on restoring any large vertebrate while ignoring the interaction with fire and other disturbances .     

旅游干扰对九寨沟原始森林岷江冷杉树干附生苔藓植物组成和结构的影响

附生苔藓植物是森林生物多样性的重要组分,对森林及其环境的质量有很好的指示作用.为了揭示旅游活动对森林及其环境的影响,调查了几寨沟原始森林景点内附近旅游活动频繁地段与未扰动地段原始林优势种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)树干4个高度附生苔藓种类的组成、生物量和群落结构,采用独立样本t检验对苔藓层结构参数进行了差异性检验.结果表明:(1)冷杉树干附生苔藓物种组成在旅游活动频繁地段与未扰动地段有很大的差异.在旅游活动频繁地段,耐荫喜湿物种局部消失(重要值下降),耐干旱抗干扰的植物种群扩大;(2)旅游活动频繁地段树干附生苔藓植物的丰富度、盖度和生物量较未扰动地段小;(3)距地面较高的高度120 cm和180 cm处受到的干扰强度最大,基部的影响较小.旅游活动对附生苔藓植物的干扰主要为间接的环境影响,其机理还未充分认识,还需进一步研究.综合分析表明,旅游干扰影响了几寨沟的生态环境,需要进一步加强管理,控制游客数量和规范游客行为.图2表3参25     

耕作和施肥扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素研究

稳定的土壤团聚结构对种子发芽、根系发育、作物生长以及有机碳保护有着重要的影响,深入了解人为扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素有着重要意义.选择两种不同母质发育土壤上长期施用畜禽粪便和化肥5个田块耕层土壤团聚体为供试土壤,采用相关分析、因子分析和回归分析方法探讨了土壤有机碳库、土壤养分和理化性质与团聚体稳定性间的关系.研究结果表明,与施用化肥比较,施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤团聚体稳定性;不同母质类型土壤上,海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性显著高于河相冲积物母质土壤.相关分析结果表明溶解性有机碳(包括DOC和HWOC)和总磷含量与土壤团聚体稳定性显著或极显著相关;因子分析结果显示,土壤化学因子是第一影响因素,土壤碳库因子是第二影响因素,其中海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性主要受土壤化学因子影响;河相冲积物母质土壤团聚体稳定性主要受土壤碳库因子影响,施用化肥土壤受两个因素影响均较小.回归分析结果显示热水提取态有机碳和钙是本研究条件中影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因素.     

黄浦江水源地水和沉积物中汞的分布

分析黄浦江水源地干流及上游支流水和沉积物中汞含量的分布特征得知,干流沉积物比较清洁,而水中汞含量普遍超标,尤其是松浦大桥取水口水质存在安全隐患,其水样汞含量超过国家Ⅱ类地表水标准(0.05 μg/L)1.40倍. 支流水环境质量恶劣,沉积物中汞含量普遍严重超标,最高值可达到环境背景值(101.20 μg/kg)的4.12倍;支流水体高强度的汞输入是导致干流水质汞超标的直接原因. 采用主成分分析和相关分析,探讨沉积物粒度和有机碳含量以及水体pH对水和沉积物中汞含量变化的影响,指出汞在水-沉积物界面的分配受生物地球化学过程和水动力作用的影响和控制. 结合实地考察,判定农村地区生活垃圾不当处置、燃煤以及化肥和农药的施用是水源地汞的主要来源.