不同功能地表水体中病原微生物指示物的标准比较

地表水病原微生物污染对人类健康构成了巨大的潜在威胁,地表水体的病原微生物污染及其控制日益得到人们的重视.因此,本文从地表水环境功能和人类健康的角度出发,通过大量调研国内外不同功能的地表水环境质量标准,总结了当前常用病原微生物指示物的特点与指示效果;综述和比较了美国、欧盟、世界卫生组织和中国水环境标准中有关病原微生物控制指标的演变历程;最后对地表水体中病原微生物指示物的研究进行了展望.总体而言,当前常用指示微生物涵盖细菌、病毒和原生动物,但应针对不同目的选取不同类型的指示微生物;美国、欧盟和世界卫生组织的病原微生物控制指标已陆续转向大肠杆菌与肠球菌,而我国仅经历了从总大肠菌群到粪大肠菌群的转变.培养法与分子生物学方法是当前主要的病原微生物检测手段,前者广为应用,后者更为方便、快捷,但无法与相应标准对接.     

水葫芦渣有机肥在白菜上的肥效试验研究

以白菜为试材,研究了水葫芦渣有机肥在高量、中量、低量3个施用水平下的施用效果。结果表明,水葫芦渣有机肥对白菜的生长发育具有明显的促进作用,从株高的指标看,以施有机肥高量效果为佳;从最大功能叶面积指标看,以施有机肥高量效果为佳;从开展度指标看,以施有机肥中量效果为佳。从白菜产量上看,有机肥化肥配施低用量、有机肥高用量、中用量差异不显著,均比空白增产370%、364%、297%。从白菜对养分吸收的含量上看,全氮以施有机肥高用量最好;全钾以施有机肥低用量最好。将水葫芦渣有机肥与其它常见的有机肥比较,其肥效与其它有机肥相当。     

我国环境标准制度存在的问题及对策

目前我国的环境标准制度存在诸多不足.环境标准本身科学性不强,存在着标准滞后、空白、总量控制标准少、确定和修改依据不明、缺少专门针对公众健康设定的指标以及针对同一环境要素数值交叉等问题,这同时也与环境标准的法律性质不明确、编制机构不中立、编制程序不完善、公众参与不足密切相关.而环境标准体系本身的不完善也带来环境标准适用上的困难和障碍.对此,需要从法律制度和政策选择上寻求突破,明确环境标准的法律地位和效力,建立环境标准制定和修改的规则,确立环境标准的适用原则和条件,从而进一步完善环境标准制度.     

中美空气质量指数(AQI)对比研究及启示

对中美两国空气质量指数(AQI),特别是颗粒物分指数进行了对比研究,并利用2013年4月至12月期间,中国环境监测总站发布的环境空气质量监测数据,开展了典型大气污染过程的分析.结果表明,中国环境空气质量标准的研究、制订和发布起步虽晚但发展很快,所包含的污染物指标更全面,能够客观地反映出中国空气污染的特征,也更贴近居民对空气质量的切身感受;中美计算颗粒物小时AQI采用的方法不同,对比发现中国采用颗粒物24 h平均浓度限值代替1 h平均浓度限值的计算方法会将污染等级倾向于严重化;中国在计算颗粒物AQI时设定的颗粒物浓度限值存在一定的问题,导致AQI200时,PM2.5/PM10的比值出现与实际不符的现象;对奥体中心监测点数据分析显示,AQI50时,PM2.5/PM10比值小于0.5,且PM2.5/PM10的比值随着污染指数等级的增大而增大.建议尽早修订和调整颗粒物实时报的浓度限值和计算方法.     

Understanding and Managing Experiential Aspects of Soundscapes at Muir Woods National Monument

Research has found that human-caused noise can detract from the quality of the visitor experience in national parks and related areas. Moreover, impacts to the visitor experience can be managed by formulating indicators and standards of quality as suggested in park and outdoor recreation management frameworks, such as Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP), as developed by the U.S. National Park Service. The research reported in this article supports the formulation of indicators and standards of quality for human-caused noise at Muir Woods National Monument, California. Phase I identified potential indicators of quality for the soundscape of Muir Woods. A visitor “listening exercise” was conducted, where respondents identified natural and human-caused sounds heard in the park and rated the degree to which each sound was “pleasing” or “annoying.” Certain visitor-caused sounds such as groups talking were heard by most respondents and were rated as annoying, suggesting that these sounds may be a good indicator of quality. Loud groups were heard by few people but were rated as highly annoying, whereas wind and water were heard by most visitors and were rated as highly pleasing. Phase II measured standards of quality for visitor-caused noise. Visitors were presented with a series of 30-second audio clips representing increasing amounts of visitor-caused sound in the park. Respondents were asked to rate the acceptability of each audio clip on a survey. Findings suggest a threshold at which visitor-caused sound is judged to be unacceptable, and is therefore considered as noise. A parallel program of sound monitoring in the park found that current levels of visitor-caused sound sometimes violate this threshold. Study findings provide an empirical basis to help formulate noise-related indicators and standards of quality in parks and related areas.     

物联网感知安全应用的研究与展望

为拓展物联网行业应用、加快发展中国物联网产业,基于提前感知,超前防范对安全科学与工程的重要性,介绍物联网感知安全应用的研究现状,深入分析物联网感知安全行业应用所需要的关键技术和研究方向;在分析国内外物联网发展路径的差异、现有标准及新标准制定的基础上,研究顶层设计、资源部署、应用标准建设等感知安全应用系统建设亟待解决的问题;提出物联网应用示范研究的内容、目标;提出在公共安全和安全生产领域应用物联网技术,对防范重特大事故、安全监管、事故应急救援的重要现实意义。     

火电厂氮氧化物控制标准、政策分析及研究

制订污染物的排放标准及控制政策是治理环境污染的主要措施之一，世界各国针对火电厂氮氧化物（NOx）排放量分别制订了适合各国国情的控制政策及排放标准。通过对美国、欧盟及日本等世界主要发达国家及地区火电厂氮氧化物排放控制对策的分析，提出了对我国火电厂氮氧化物排放控制政策的建议。     

修订《环境空气质量标准》对四川省城市环境空气质量评价结果的影响

根据"十一五"期间和2011年四川省省控城市环境空气质量监测数据,在比较新、旧环境空气质量标准不同的基础上,本文分析了修订后的《环境空气质量标准》对四川省城市环境空气质量评价结果的影响。     

Monofluorinated analogues of polychlorinated biphenyls (F-PCBs): synthesis using the Suzuki-coupling, characterization, specific properties and intended use

An improved method, a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction the so-called Suzuki-coupling, was used to synthesize 19 monofluorinated analogues (F-PCBs) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including analogues of PCBs 28, 52 and 81. The coupling of chlorinated and/or fluorinated isomers of aryl boronic acids with bromo- and/or iodobenzenes gave the desired F-PCB congeners in good to excellent yields. The self-coupling product of the aryl boronic acids was the major impurity, but this limitation could be minimized. The influence of ortho-substitution by chlorine on the reaction time was studied in detail. The F-PCBs were characterized by means of ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). F-PCBs show remarkably similar characteristics in many aspects to those of the corresponding non-fluorinated parent PCBs. Since fluorine is generally resistant to degradation, once incorporated into a substrate it functions as an indelible label that can be used to monitor structures and dynamics. F-PCBs may prove their usefulness as markers and tracers in mechanistic and toxicological studies. The aim of further research will be to test the suitability of fluorine as a sensitive probe in a broad range of applications, including synthesis, analytical, mechanistic and toxicological studies.     

Environmental regulation: A new approach

Environmental regulations traditionally have been developed to limit pollution emitted to a single environmental medium at a time. This approach has been followed for a variety of reasons—political, legal, and informational, to name a few. However, more efficient environmental management could be achieved if environmental standards were issued simultaneously across all media. In this way multimedia pollutant tradeoffs could be utilized and regulatory uncertainty could be reduced.