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41.
Rodolfo N. Sousa Marcello M. Veiga Bern Klein Kevin Telmer Aaron J. Gunson Ludovic Bernaudat 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2010,18(16-17):1757-1766
Worldwide, the environmental impacts of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) are extensive. Annual losses from mercury, which is used to amalgamate gold, are in the range of 1000 tonnes, and at advanced sites, there is the additional threat of cyanide contamination.Recent developments in The Brazilian Amazon, an area populated by 200,000 small-scale gold miners, have the potential to reduce these impacts considerably. In the locality of Garimpo Ouro Roxo, miners are presently using amalgamation and cyanidation in vat-leaching. Each cycle typically recovers 50% of the gold and lasts 20 days (per tank), consuming around 3300 kg NaCN/month. A new process has been developed and implemented in a pilot plant in this area, involving gravity concentration followed by cyanidation in a ball mill. Concentrate leaching is conducted with a PVC capsule filled with activated carbon inserted in the cyanide solution in the mill. The cycle takes less than 24 h and recovers up to 98% of the gold in the concentrate. The main advantages of wide adoption of this method, apart from a reduced gold recovery cycle and improved recovery, include possible phase out of amalgamation altogether, and marked reductions in cyanide consumption (from current 22,000 kg–980 kg annually). 相似文献
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Hunting is a problem to animal conservation in different parts of the world and it has caused the local extinction of several species. The aim of this study was to characterize the poaching activities in one of the main tabuleiro forest remnants of Brazil, the Linhares-Sooretama Block (LSB). Poaching records from 2010 to 2013 were gathered from the agencies responsible for monitoring and combating environmental crimes in the LSB. A total of 693 records (mean = 173 events/year) were collected involving direct (hunted animals, firearms, handmade firearms, traps, poachers, and various hunting supplies) and indirect (tree stands, baits, and poacher signs) evidences of poaching. No differences in the monthly cumulative number of records were found among years, but the distribution of records differed according to the type of evidence. A total of 40 animal seizure events were recorded involving a total of at least 15 taxa directly affected by poaching (reptiles = 2, birds = 6, mammals = 7) and 75 individuals seized (19 individuals/year). Five of the poached species are threatened. Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) and armadillos were the most poached mammals in the region. Most of the poachers conduct such activities for fun (entertainment) and/or professionally (commercial hunting). The collected data show an approximately 32% increase in the number of poaching events in the region compared with the historical data available for LSB. It may have resulted from a gradual decrease in protection, both in terms of the number of agents deployed and the levels of effort of the teams, which began in 2009. The data demonstrate that poaching is a significant threat to the conservation of the LSB fauna, as it is in other Atlantic Forest remnants and in other regions of the world. Protection activities must be intensified to effectively combat the impacts of poaching in the LSB region, thereby contributing to the conservation of species in one of the few Atlantic Forest remnants whose original species composition still remains intact. 相似文献
44.
Martins LD da Silva Júnior CR Solci MC Pinto JP Souza DZ Vasconcellos P Guarieiro AL Guarieiro LL Sousa ET de Andrade JB 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):2663-2676
In this study, particulate matter (PM) were characterized from a place impacted by heavy-duty vehicles (Bus Station) fuelled
with diesel/biodiesel fuel blend (B3) in the city of Londrina, Brazil. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
concentrations were analyzed in the samples by their association with atmospheric PM, mass size distributions and major ions
(fluorite, chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, nitrite, oxalate; fumarate, formate, succinate and acetate; lithium,
sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and ammonium). Results indicate that major ions represented 21.2% particulate matter
mass. Nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, respectively, presented the highest concentration levels, indicating that biodiesel
may also be a significant source for these ions, especially nitrate. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3,-cd]pyrene were the main PAH found, and a higher fraction of PAH particles was found in diameters lower than 0.25 μm in Londrina bus station. The fine and ultrafine particles were dominant among the PM evaluated, suggesting that biodiesel
decreases the total PAH emission. However, it does also increase the fraction of fine and ultrafine particles when compared
to diesel. 相似文献
45.
João Marcelo de Castro e Sousa Ana Paula Peron Louridânya da Silva e Sousa Mércia de Moura Holanda Ataíde de Macedo Vieira Lima Vitor Alves de Oliveira Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva Leonardo Henrique Guedes de Morais Lima Leomá Albuquerque Matos Sandra Maria Mendes de Moura Dantas Raí Pablo Sousa de Aguiar Muhammad Torequl Islam Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante Cláudia Costa Bonecker Horácio Ferreira Júlio Junior 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(6):301
In general, tropical rivers have a great impact on human activities. Bioaccumulation of toxins is a worldwide problem nowadays and has been, historically, overlooked by the supervisory authorities. This study evaluated cytogenotoxic effects of Guaribas river (a Brazilian river) water during dry and rainy seasons of 2014 by using the Allium cepa test system. The toxicogenetic variables, including root growth, mitotic index, and chromosomal aberrations, were analyzed in meristematic cells of A. cepa exposed to water samples taken from the up-, within, and downstream of the city Picos (state: Piauí). The physical-chemical parameters were also analyzed to explain water quality and possible anthropogenic action. Additionally, the presence of heavy metals was also analyzed to explain water quality and possible damaging effects on eukaryotic cells. The results suggest that the river water exerted cytotoxic, mutagenic, and genotoxic effects, regardless of the seasons. In addition, Guaribas river presented physico-chemical values outside the Brazilian laws, which can be a characteristic of human pollution (domestic sewage, industrial, and local agriculture). The genetic damage was positively correlated with higher levels of heavy metals. The pollution of the Guaribas river water may link to the chemical contamination, including the action of heavy metals and their impacts on genetic instability in the aquatic ecosystem. In conclusion, necessary steps should be taken into account for further toxicogenetic studies of the Guaribas river water, as it has an influence in human health of the same region of Brazil. 相似文献
46.
Anabela?Botelho Lina?Louren?o-Gomes Lígia?PintoEmail author Sara?Sousa Marieta?Valente 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2016,18(5):1323-1337
As a renewable energy source, the use of forest biomass for electricity generation is advantageous in comparison with fossil fuels; however, the activity of forest biomass power plants causes adverse impacts, affecting particularly neighbouring communities. The main objective of this study is to estimate the effects of the activity of forest biomass power plants on the welfare of two groups of stakeholders, namely local residents and the general population. To this end, we apply two stated preference methods: contingent valuation and discrete choice experiments, respectively. The former method was applied to estimate the minimum compensation residents of neighbouring communities of two forest biomass power plants in Portugal would be willing to accept. The latter method was applied among the general population to estimate their willingness to pay to avoid specific environmental impacts. The results show that the presence of the selected facilities affects individuals’ well-being. On the other hand, in the discrete choice experiments conducted among the general population all impacts considered were valued, in particular odour and fauna and flora impacts. The results of this study stress the importance of performing an equity analysis of the welfare effects on different groups of stakeholders from the installation of forest biomass power plants, as their effects on welfare are location and impact specific. Policy makers should take into account the views of all stakeholders either directly or indirectly involved when deciding crucial issues regarding the sitting of new forest biomass power plants, in order to achieve an efficient and equitable outcome. 相似文献
47.
Simões Eliane de Sousa Junior Wilson C. de Freitas Débora M. Mills Morena Iwama Allan Y. Gonçalves Isabel Olivato Débora Fidelman Pedro 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(6):1739-1750
Regional Environmental Change - This paper examines barriers and opportunities for climate change adaptation in an urban coastal setting where adaptation is in its infancy. It draws on a diagnostic... 相似文献
48.
Almerindo D. Ferreira Amir Farimani Antonio C. M. Sousa 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(2):167-181
Erosion is a common phenomenon in nature, and it may cause a wide range of problems such as air pollution, and destruction
of agricultural land, shelters and stockpiles. The present work deals with stockpiles, which have their profiles described
by a sinus function or by similar trigonometric functions. Analysis of the erosion by air flow over these piles will provide
for further understanding of the erosion underlying mechanisms and, moreover, how to control them and eventually to prevent
them. To this purpose, different experimental tests are conducted for a pile with a sinuous profile, and particular attention
is given to the time development of the profile due to the erosion process; the effect of the air velocity is also studied
by selecting different velocities. In addition, the flow over several deformed piles is numerically predicted using the CFX
software; the results clearly show the erosion process is strongly dependent upon time, velocity field and surface disturbances.
A correlation between the erosion rate and the velocity is proposed. 相似文献
49.
50.
Patinha C Reis AP Dias C Cachada A Adão R Martins H Ferreira da Silva E Sousa AJ 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(2):213-227
Previous environmental biomonitoring studies indicated higher environmental lead (Pb) pollution levels at the districts of
Aveiro and Leiria (Portugal). In evaluating the risk for human health, which is associated with contaminated soils after oral
uptake, total soil concentrations have generally been held against criteria established from toxicological studies based upon
the assumption that the uptake of the contaminant is similar in the toxicological studies and from the soils assessed. This
assumption is not always valid, as most toxicological studies are carried out with soluble forms of the contaminants, whereas
many soil contaminants are or become embedded in the soil matrix and thus exhibit limited availability. This study intends
to estimate the soluble fraction of Pb in the soils from central Portugal, and to assess the bioaccessibility of Pb and, hence,
infer exposure and risk for human health. Yet, as the physical–chemical properties of the soil exert some control over the
solubility of Pb in the surface environment, the relation between such soil properties and the estimated soluble and/or bioaccessible
fractions of Pb is also investigated. Other objective, with a more practical nature, was to give some contribution to find
a suitable in vitro mimetic of the gastrointestinal tract environment. The results indicate relatively low total metal concentrations
in the soils, even if differences between regions were observed. The Aveiro district has the higher total Pb concentration
and the metal is in more soluble forms, that is, geoavailable. Soils with higher concentrations of soluble Pb show higher
estimates of bioaccessible Pb. Soil pH seems to influence human bioaccessibility of Pb. 相似文献