地震灾害下市政管网消防供水能力可靠度评估

提出了一种地震后管网的消防供水能力可靠度评估方法,考虑地震后管网破损的随机性与火灾发生位置的随机性,采用蒙特卡罗模拟生成管网震损场景,基于管网低压状态对不同位置火灾进行了消防供水能力评估。在管网不同位置依次生成火灾场景,对每个场景进行消防供水能力评估,同时基于我国消防用水量,构建了消防供水能力可靠度评价指标。将所提出方法应用于云南省某旅游古镇并与传统GIRAFFE方法进行比较,结果表明：传统方法高估了管网整体消防供水能力,尤其在震级较小时,会显著高估枝状管网区域的消防供水能力。     

Transformation mechanism and fate of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a full-scale drinking water treatment

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has attracted much attention in drinking water treatment due to its potential to produce nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs). This work was designed to explore the transformation and fate of DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in drinking water treatment. The changes of DON and formation of N-DBPs were evaluated along the water treatment route (i.e., pre-ozonation and biological-contact oxidation, delivery pipes’ transportation, coagulation-sedimentation, sand filtration, post-ozonation, biological activated carbon, ultrafiltration and disinfection) of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The transformation mechanism of DON was comprehensively investigated by molecular weight fractionation, three-dimensional fluorescence, LC-OCD (Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection), total free amino acids. A detailed comparison was made between concentrations and variations of DON and DIN affected by seasons in the drinking water treatment. Regardless of seasonal variation in raw water concentration, the DON removal trends between different treatment processes remain constant in the present study. Compared to other treatment processes, pre-ozonation and coagulation-sedimentation exhibited the dominant DON removal in different seasons, i.e., 11.13%-14.45% and 14.98%-22.49%, respectively. Contrary, biological-contact oxidation and biological activated carbon negatively impacted the DON removal, in which DON increased by 1.76%-6.49% in biological activated carbon. This may be due to the release of soluble microbial products (SMPs) from bacterial metabolism, which was further validated by the rise of biopolymers in LC-OCD.     

Transformation of bisphenol A by manganese oxide-coated sand

Oxidative transformation of organic contaminants by manganese oxides was commonly investigated with pure MnO₂ suspension, which deviates from the fact that natural manganese oxides are seldom present as a pure form in the natural environment. In this study, we prepared manganese oxide-coated sand (MOCS) and evaluated its oxidative capacity using bisphenol A (BPA) as the model compound. BPA was transformed by MOCS and the reaction followed an exponential decay model. The reaction was pH dependent and followed the order of pH 4.5?>?pH 5.5?>?pH 6.5?>?pH 7.5?>?pH 8.6?>?pH 9.6, indicating that acidic conditions facilitated BPA transformation while basic conditions disfavored the reaction. Coexisting metal ions exhibited inhibitory effects and followed the order of Fe³⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺. Transformation of BPA by MOCS was much slower than that by pure MnO₂ suspension. However, similar transformation products were identified in both studies, suggesting the same reaction pathways. This work suggests that the reactivity of MnO₂ in the environment might be overestimated if extrapolating the result from the pure MnO₂ suspension because natural MnO₂ is mainly present as coating on the surface of soils and sediments.     

液化石油气钢瓶异常破口原因分析

YSP23．5液化石油气钢瓶爆破失效结果不符合要求这一实例入手，针对钢瓶材质、自身结构设计等主要因素，对钢瓶热处理工艺和机加工工艺中等几个值得注意的环节及异常破口的原因进行了综合解析，为立式单环焊缝液化石油气钢瓶设计思路及制造工艺提出改进建议。     

中国环境公益诉讼的实践障碍及完善措施——从云南曲靖市铬污染事件谈起

2011年发生在云南曲靖市的铬污染事件,再次引发全社会对重金属污染严重危害性的极大关注。为维护环境公益,环保组织"自然之友"和重庆市绿色志愿者联合会向曲靖市中级人民法院起诉,标志着中国以民间环保组织作为原告的环境公益诉讼在实践中又向前迈出重要一步。由于中国还没有建立起环境公益诉讼制度,使得相关案件在实践推进过程中暴露出许多缺陷。以云南曲靖市铬污染事件出发,针对环境公益诉讼的障碍性因素,提出了相应的完善措施,呼吁国家加快相关立法进程,建立以环境损害事实为基础的环境监管制度和公众参与环境保护的制度。     

黄精多糖对老龄大鼠衰老生理生化指标的影响

以水提法从黄精（Ｐｏｌｙｇｏｎａｔｕｍｓｐ）中得到的粗多糖成分（ＰＰ）进行了老龄大鼠的衰老生理生化指标测定试验．两种剂量的ＰＰ灌喂老龄大鼠１ｍｏ后，测定其１２项衰老生理生化指标：胸腺指数和脾脏指数，外周血淋巴细胞ＡＮＡＥ活性，红细胞、视网膜、晶体核、晶体皮质的ＳＯＤ活性，心脏、血浆中过氧化脂质含量，肝脏、肾脏中脂褐质含量及脑中Ｂ型单胺氧化酶活性．结果表明：除胸腺指数、血浆中过氧化脂质含量无显著性变化外，其他１０项指标均有明显的改善作用；试验结果经统计学处理有显著性差异．     

川牛膝多糖的分离、纯化及单糖组成

采用水提醇沉法提取川牛膝多糖粗品CPC，经685弱碱阴离子交换柱层析和Bio—Gel P2凝胶柱层析进一步纯化，得到川牛膝多糖RCP(xefined Cyathula officinalis Kuan polysaccharide)．紫外扫描、高效液相色谱、聚丙烯酰胺盘状凝胶电泳证明RCP为均一组分．质谱图显示RCP的分子量(从)主要分布在1000-2200．薄层正交试验确定了RCP完全水解的最优条件．薄层层析及高效液相色谱—蒸发光散射检测(HPLC—ELSD)技术揭示，RCP单糖组成为D-果糖和D-葡萄糖．图11表2参18     

论排污权交易制度体系构建的初步研究

排污权交易制度是一种通过市场机制实现对环境容量资源的基础性配置,以达到控制污染、保护环境的方法。我国借鉴发达国家的成功经验,于1988年开始尝试引入排污权交易制度进行环境治理工作,并取得了一定的成效。但综合看来,我国排污权交易制度体系的构建仍处于起步阶段,在总量控制的科学确定、排污权初始的公平分配、培育交易市场等问题上仍有待于进一步探索和研究。     

UF-RO处理煤层气田产出水的工程应用

煤层气开采过程会排出大量的伴生水,其出水具有盐度高、水量大的特点。采用UF-RO工艺对产出水进行规模化处理,运行结果表明:处理系统稳定,COD去除率达81.58%、NH3-N、Cl-和TDS的去除率分别为85.44%、96.99%和97.61%,Fe和Mn基本去除,SS未检出。处理后出水水质达《煤炭工业污染物排放标准》和《生活杂用水水质标准》,可作为当地居民生活杂用水。     

青春期双酚A结构类似物暴露对小鼠行为的影响

作为重要的环境内分泌干扰物,双酚A的神经发育毒性已经引起广泛关注,其结构类似物对健康影响相关研究少有报道。为探讨双酚A结构类似物长期暴露对个体抑郁行为的影响,选取60只小鼠随机分为5组,每组12只。小鼠分别灌胃给予0、5、50 mg·kg~(-1)的双酚F或双酚S,连续给药4周。给药结束后,利用强迫游泳测试和悬尾测试评价小鼠抑郁样行为,同时监测小鼠体质量增加和自发活动情况。结果表明,与溶媒对照组比较,持续4周的双酚F和双酚S给药组小鼠的体质量变化和自发活动均无显著差异;5mg·kg~(-1)的双酚F或双酚S处理均不显著改变小鼠的抑郁行为,50 mg·kg~(-1)双酚F显著增加小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳测试中的不动时间,50mg·kg~(-1)双酚S处理显著增加小鼠悬尾测试中的不动时间。研究结果提示高浓度双酚F和双酚S在青春期的暴露可导致成年后小鼠抑郁样行为异常,应当引起重视。