Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(mg src="/content/h0581m471k0q2772/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

海水中110mAg化学形态和测定方法的研究

描述了海水中110mAg的化学形态和测定方法的研究。实验和理论计算表明 ,海水中110mAg以110mAgCl-2 ∶110mAg+ ≈ 10 5,以及当〔Ag+ 〕〔Cl-〕≥ 1.5 6× 10 10 时 ,可生成AgCl沉淀。据此 ,建立了海水中110mAg的测定方法 ,方法包括按 1L海水加入稳定Ag+ 载体 2 0mg制成AgCl沉淀 ,再用低本底γ谱仪测量。方法回收率 80 %以上 ,最低检出限为 1.0 6× 10 -4 Bq/L。用此方法首次测定了天然海水中的110mAg ,测定结果与预期结果一致 ,表明该方法简单、快速和准确。     

中国3个AERONET站点气溶胶大小的识别及特征分析

?ngstr?m波长指数a是判断气溶胶粒子大小的重要参数,但当气溶胶尺度分布不满足Junge分布时,仅用a不能很好的反映气溶胶粒子的尺度信息.利用Mie散射理论和AERONET站点实测资料分析说明在0.750.6;当a2>0.3时,多以粗粒子为主,Vfine/Vtotal<0.4.利用Gobbi气溶胶图解法分析显示SACOL站AOD的大值主要是由于沙尘气溶胶的影响造成的;香河站沙尘和细粒子气溶胶都会产生大值AOD,并且图解法可以很好的区分这两种情况;太湖站受沙尘的影响较小,大值AOD绝大多数是由于细粒子气溶胶造成的.     

处理苯胺类稀溶液的萃取置换技术

苯胺和间氯苯胺的BOD₅/COD_Cr测定结果表明 ,随着溶质浓度的升高 ,其水溶液的生物降解性显著降低 .为使此类溶液能够进行生物处理 ,必须降低其浓度 .在考察有机溶剂和络合剂P204生物降解性的基础上 ,对苯胺和间氯苯胺稀溶液进行了溶剂萃取和络合萃取的研究 .对影响有机溶剂和络合溶剂萃取分配系数的因素进行了讨论 .萃残液的BOD₅/COD_Cr值表明 ,选择合适的萃取剂进行萃取 ,其萃残液无需进一步稀释就可进行生物处理 ,论证了萃取置换法治理难降解有机废水的潜力 .     

基于地基遥感的杭州地区气溶胶光学特性

利用2012年杭州、桐庐、建德、淳安CE-318太阳光度计的观测资料,反演获得了气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、&amp;#197;ngstr&amp;#246;m波长指数（AE）、单次散射反照率（SSA）和气溶胶粒子谱（ASD）等参数,分析了杭州地区气溶胶光学特性的变化规律.结果表明,2012年杭州、桐庐、建德、淳安AOD_440nm年均值分别为0.94&amp;#177;0.16、0.84&amp;#177;0.17、0.82&amp;#177;0.22、0.71&amp;#177;0.20,呈现出自东北向西南逐渐下降的变化趋势,是长三角地区AOD高值地区之一.AE_440-870nm年均值分别为1.24&amp;#177;0.12、1.19&amp;#177;0.17、1.06&amp;#177;0.04、1.04&amp;#177;0.10,表明杭州地区以半径较小的气溶胶粒子为主控模态.3~4月AE相对偏低与来自北方的沙尘粒子远距离输送有关.除淳安外,杭州、桐庐和建德AOD有明显的日变化特征.不同地区细模态粒子峰值半径春季、秋季和冬季均在0.15 μm左右,由于气溶胶粒子的吸湿增加导致夏季细模态粒子的峰值半径在0.25 μm左右;粗模态粒子峰值半径夏季、秋季和冬季均在2.94 μm左右,高于春季（1.7~2.2 μm）.SSA_440nm年均值分别为0.91&amp;#177;0.01、0.92&amp;#177;0.03、0.92&amp;#177;0.02、0.93&amp;#177;0.02,说明杭州地区气溶胶粒子为中等强度吸收性气溶胶.对气溶胶类型进行分类表明,杭州以生物质燃烧/城市工业型为主,而桐庐、建德和淳安以混合型为主.     

Are the Curative Properties of ‘Black Mud’ from the Dead Sea Due to the Presence of Bitumen (Asphalt) or Other Types of Organic Matter?

Deep black clayey sediments of the Dead Sea, previously covered with water at times of higher sea level, are being mined for therapeutic purposes and for the preparation of cosmetic products under the name mg src="/content/pv46n2p1m9p3k131/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">Black Mudmg src="/content/pv46n2p1m9p3k131/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">. It was claimed that the beneficial properties are due to the presence of bitumen (asphalt) as attested by the colour. Less commonly, the curative properties have been ascribed to humic acids or to organic matter derived from algae in the lake. Asphalt from the Dead Sea has been of major economic importance to the region and was used as a medication for 2000 years until the mid-20th century. Geochemical analysis of the Black Mud showed that it contains relatively little organic matter (ca. 0.6&amp;#x2013;0.8% organic carbon) and that the organic matter is mostly derived from the land masses surrounding the lake. Asphalt was totally absent and the concentration of humic acids very low. The black colour of the mud is rather due to the poorly crystallised iron sulphides. Based on this, the therapeutic properties of the mud are ascribed to its content of reduced sulphur species, its physical and chemical properties and possibly its brine content, but not to the presence of organic matter.     

珍珠岩尾矿烧结砖的实验研究

以珍珠岩尾矿为原料进行烧结砖实验研究，发现该砖具有轻质、高强及保温等特点。珍珠岩尾矿烧结砖的生产，将有利于环保治理，又具有较为显著的经济效益。     

中国环境政策矩阵的构建与分析

可持续发展战略要求对已有的环境政策手段进行重新评估。由世界银行提出的环境政策矩阵则是进行这种评估的成功之举。本文利用政策矩阵这一模式探讨了我国环境政策手段的构成与特点，并进而提出了创新我国环境政策手段的几点建议，以促进我国可持续发展战略的实施。     

纳米CuO在染料中间体间氯甲苯工业废水处理中的应用

采用水热法合成纳米氧化铜,并对产物进行XRD和TEM分析。以纳米CuO为催化剂,高压汞灯为光源,对染料中间体间氯甲苯工业废水进行光催化降解。考察了CuO用量、pH值、反应时间等因素对COD去除率的影响,通过正交实验确定了各因素对废水COD去除率影响的顺序是：光照时间〉溶液pH值〉CuO用量;得出最佳降解条件：CuO用量...     

The prevalence of bacterial resistance in clinical, food, water and some environmental samples in Southwest Nigeria

The resistance pattern and mechanisms of bacterial isolates obtained from clinical origin, soil, industrial effluent, orange juice products and drinking water were studied using commonly used antibiotics. The microbial load of the water samples, industrial effluent and orange juice products were 1.0 &amp;times; 10¹&amp;#x2013;2.25 &amp;times; 10⁶, 2.15 &amp;times; 10⁵, and 3.5 &amp;times; 10⁴&amp;#x2013;2.15 &amp;times; 10⁵ cfu mL^{&amp;#x2013;1}, respectively. The faecal coliform test revealed that only two out of twenty orange juice products had MPN of 2 and 20, the MPN of water ranged from 1&amp;#x2013;mg src="/content/r701696m91q111g6/xxlarge8805.gif" alt="ge" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">1800, while the effluent had MPN of mg src="/content/r701696m91q111g6/xxlarge8805.gif" alt="ge" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">1800. The bacterial isolates that were isolated include E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, S. marcescens, S. pyogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp. Also, clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa were used in the study. Among the eight antibiotics tested for resistance on five strains of each bacterium, seven different resistance patterns were observed among the bacterial isolates obtained from water, effluent and orange juice products. Among the clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa, four multiple-drug resistance patterns were obtained. Thirty strains of E. coli and S. aureus were tested for mg src="/content/r701696m91q111g6/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-lactamase production and fourteen strains, seven each of E. coli and S. aureus that had high Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values (MIC) for both Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin were positive.