混合二元酸中戊二酸的分离提纯

采用溶剂溶解和气泡结晶的方法从混合二元酸中分离、提纯戊二酸。考察了溶解温度、溶剂用量和结晶过程对戊二酸纯度和收率的影响 ,并确定了分离与提纯的最佳工艺条件。分离过程 :溶解温度 5 5℃、溶剂与二元酸用量比 30mL∶10g ;提纯过程 :结晶气速 5× 10 -6～ 8× 10 -6m3 /s、降温速率 1/ 3℃ /min、降温终点 2 0℃、结晶保温时间 2 0min、升温速率 1/ 2℃ /min、发汗终温 6 5℃、发汗保留时间 10min。在最佳工艺条件下分离、提纯得到的戊二酸纯度为 99 36 % ,戊二酸的回收率为 70 16 %。     

Biological removal of air loaded with a hydrogen sulfide and ammonia mixture

The nuisance impact of air pollutant emissions from wastewater pumping stations is a major issue of concern to China. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are commonly the primary odor and are important targets for removal. An alternative control technology, biofiltration, was studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with compost in terms of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions treatment, and to establish optimal operating conditions for a full-scale conceptual design. The laboratory scale biofilter packed with compost was continuously supplied with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas mixtures. A volumetric load of less than 150 gH2S/(m^3.d) and 230 gNH3/(m^3.d) was applied for about fifteen weeks. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia elimination occurred in the biofilter simultaneously. The removal efficiency, removal capacity and removal kinetics in the biofilter were studied. The hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency reached was very high above 99%, and ammonia removal efficiency was about 80%. Hydrogen sulfide was oxidized into sulphate. The ammonia oxidation products were nitrite and nitrate. Ammonia in the biofilter was mainly removed by adsorption onto the carrier material and by absorption into the water fraction of the carrier material. High percentages of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia were oxidized in the first section of the column. Through kinetics analysis, the presence of ammonia did not hinder the hydrogen sulfide removal. According to the relationship between pressure drop and gas velocity for the biofilter and Reynolds number, non-Darcy flow can be assumed to represent the flow in the medium.     

On thresholds and environmental curve tensiometers

This paper considers distinctions between lognormal and mixture models. Emphasis is placed on two component mixtures where the lower valued subpopulation has a large mixing parameter. The density of this sort of mixture can be easily mistaken for a lognormal density. In order to compare such a mixture to a lognormal it is demonstrated that Galton's two parameter logmodel and Pearson's five parameternormal mixture are special, or limiting, cases of the same general mixture model. Consideration is given to the lognormal threshold parameter in order to devise a tool that can help distinguish mixtures from lognormals. Based on the threshold parameter, piloted procedures can help measure whether or not a curve is friable, in the sense that a brittle curve is better represented as a mixture than as a skewed lognormal. It is also shown that generalizations of Galton's product risk model can be represented interms of the threshold parameter Based on a tool called a curve tensiometer was designed to be applied as a graphical friability check in the ecological context of Fisher's classic Iris data and in the environmental context of a Santa Monica Bay fish consumption study.     

混合气体爆炸性现场测试实验研究

为测定现场可燃混合气体的爆炸性,对比分析了国内外实验室爆炸极限的测定装置及爆炸性判定方法,设计研制了混合气体爆炸性现场测试装置。装置实现了爆炸性环境现场的自动采样、超高温点火、高速压力和温度测定及爆炸性自行判定。开展了丙烷、乙烯和液化石油气等典型可燃气体爆炸性实验,提出了基于压力和火焰温度变化相结合的气体爆炸性判定指标,改变了传统目测判定方式。研究结果表明:20 L球和1 L爆炸腔以爆炸压力提升来判定,比管式法测定的爆炸极限范围窄,以压力提升量5%~10%判定较适宜;1 L爆炸腔以爆炸过程温度提升量来判定,爆炸极限范围比以爆炸压力提升量判定宽,与目测观察的管式测定法相比,略宽于管式测定法和大部分文献数据。     

容积式受限空间油气爆燃火焰特征的实验研究

根据容积式受限空间油气爆燃火焰特征实验研究的需要,设计了实验系统,进行了不同油气体积分数下的油气爆燃模拟实验。基于实验所得的瞬时火焰信号数据与火焰图像,分析了不同油气体积分数下容积式受限空间内油气爆燃的火焰形态结构、传播速度、强度与持续时间等主要行为特征,所得结果对探索油气爆燃机理与基本规律具有重要参考意义。     

基于生物有效性的重金属单一及联合毒性研究进展

水环境中的重金属受到水化学性质的影响产生形态变化,导致其对水生生物的生物有效性和毒性的改变。生物配体模型(BLM)考虑了水化学性质对金属的水生生物毒性的影响,可用来预测重金属对水生生物的毒性效应。毒性是金属与生物配体的平衡常数和生物膜上被金属络合的配体位点数量的函数。毒性效应被定义为金属在生物配体上的富集达到或超过一个临界阈值浓度。重点论述了水化学性质对重金属生物有效性的影响、重金属联合毒性评价的研究现状,并对存在的问题进行探讨。     

The effect of vent size and concentration in vented gasoline-air explosions

Experimental data from vented explosion tests using gasoline-air mixtures with concentrations from 0.88 to 2.41% vol. are presented. A 2L vessel was used for the tests with vent sizes of 25 cm², 50 cm² and 100 cm². The tests were focused on the effect of gasoline vapor concentration and vent size on the pressure development and the flame behavior inside and outside the vessel. It was found that the inner flame propagation speed was mainly dependent on the initial concentration, while the maximum flame spreading distance was mainly influenced by the vent size. The external flame speed and duration could be influenced by the combination of the two properties. The internal pressure increases gradually with the flame propagated inside the vessel and decreased sharply when the vent failed. High-pressure durations containing pressure peaks were recorded by transducers in front of the vent and oscillations could be observed besides the vent. At any measure point, the maximum external pressures for A = 25 cm² or 50 cm² were significantly larger than those for A = 100 cm².     

基于梅尔倒谱系数的矿山复杂微震信号自动识别分类方法

为了实现矿山复杂微震信号的自动高效识别与分类，保证后续微震分析的时效性和准确性，运用梅尔倒谱系数法，将原始的4种微震信号(岩体破裂、爆破振动、电磁干扰和钻机凿岩)转化为梅尔标度上的非线性频谱，再转换到倒谱域上，结合其在时域上的差分得到1组24维的特征参数向量，利用这些特征参数向量训练构建各类事件对应的混合高斯隐马尔可夫识别模型，进而实现对微震信号的自动识别分类。研究结果表明:运用基于梅尔倒谱系数的微震信号识别分类方法对矿山实际微震数据进行测试，微震事件的识别分类准确率达到92.46%，具有较高的准确性，为实现微震监测系统的实时性分析提供了技术支持。     

混合污染物联合毒性评价模型曲线和实际浓度效应曲线之间交叉现象的研究进展

许多研究在使用评价模型进行混合物联合作用模式判别时发现,混合污染物的评价模型曲线和浓度效应曲线之间存在交叉的现象,表现为联合作用模式随混合物浓度发生变化。虽然交叉现象不断被报道出来,但是该现象形成机制的研究却非常欠缺。本文系统分析了文献中出现的交叉现象,探讨了交叉现象可能的形成原因和机制,提出了化合物的hormesis效应是导致交叉现象的关键因素:混合组分中某些化合物在低浓度时会对受试生物的某些蛋白、基因等的表达量产生刺激作用,影响其他化合物对机体产生的效应,从而改变混合组分的联合作用模式。该研究不仅为交叉现象形成机制的进一步探索提供了理论依据,还为混合物的生态毒理评估和环境风险评价提供理论指导。     

Minimum Ignition Temperature of layer and cloud dust mixtures

The prevention of dust explosions is still a challenge for the process industry. Ignition, in particular, is a phenomenon that is still not completely understood. As a consequence, safety conditions pertaining to ignition suppression are rarely identified to an adequate level. It is well known that, in general, the ignition attitude of a dust depends on several factors, such as the nature of the chemical, the particle size, moisture content, etc., but there is still a lack of knowledge on the effect of the single variables.This paper has the aim of providing data on the Minimum Ignition Temperatures of dust mixtures obtained from a mixing of a combustible dust (flour, lactose, sucrose, sulphur) and an inert dust (limestone, extinguishing powders) as well as from the mixing of two different combustible dusts. Various mixtures with different weight ratios have been tested in a Godbert Greenwald (GG) furnace and on a hot plate in order to measure the effect of mixture composition on the Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT_L) of the layer and on the Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT_C) of the cloud. In order to further verify the effects of inert dust particle size, inerts sieved to different size ranges have been tested separately. Generally, both MIT_L and MIT_C increase as the inert content is increased. MIT_C is poorly affected by inert particle size when limestone is used. The MIT_L of pure flour is higher than the MIT_L of mixtures containing up to 40% of 32–75 μm of limestone. This was probably due to the behaviour of pure flour during the test, which demonstrated strong tendency to produce char, cracks in the layer and detachment from the hot plate.