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靖海湾重金属污染及铅稳定同位素溯源研究 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
对荣成市靖海湾表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒物中典型重金属(Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cd、Cr、As)的含量进行了测定,并根据国家海洋沉积物质量标准和Hakanson沉积物重金属潜在生态危害系数与危害指数方法评价了该水域重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害.结果表明,该水域表层沉积物重金属含量较低和潜在生态危害较轻,S2采样点表层沉积物中Cu和Zn以及S3~S6采样点表层沉积物中Cd符合第二类沉积物质量标准,其余各采样点重金属含量则均符合第一类沉积物质量标准,处于较清洁水平.靖海湾表层沉积物中重金属的危害程度顺序为Zn相似文献
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Conservative solute tracer experiments were conducted in Indian Creek, a small urban stream located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Estimated flow rates were between 46 Ls(-1) and 81 Ls(-1), average stream width was 5.5m and average stream depth was 0.2m. Given these dimensions, most researchers would think it reasonable to assume that the stream is completely mixed vertically and horizontally. However, we found that the stream was not vertically completely mixed in a 1.0m deep, 30 m long pool. The limited mixing was demonstrated by the vertical stratification of a tracer cloud which was completely mixed both laterally and vertically across the stream prior to entering the pool. We suggest that the cause of limited mixing is due to a balance between groundwater inflow and transverse dispersion at the cross-section. We show that the unsupported assumption of complete mixing may result in a wide range, and thus increased uncertainty, of the values of stream flow and longitudinal dispersion coefficient estimated from these data. We conclude that the assumption of complete mixing and one-dimensional modeling must be checked against actual field conditions, even in small streams. 相似文献
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The relevant velocity that describes transport phenomena in a porous medium is the pore velocity. For this reason, one needs not only to describe the variability of transmissivity, which fully determines the Darcy velocity field for given source terms and boundary conditions, but also any variability of the pore volume. We demonstrate that hydraulically equivalent media with exactly the same transmissivity field can produce dramatic differences in the displacement of a solute if they have different pore volume distributions. In particular, we demonstrate that correlation between pore volume and transmissivity leads to a much smoother and more homogeneous solute distribution. This was observed in a laboratory experiment performed in artificial fractures made of two plexiglass plates into which a space-dependent aperture distribution was milled. Using visualization by a light transmission technique, we observe that the solute behaviour is much smoother and more regular after the fractures are filled with glass powder, which plays the role of a homogeneous fault gouge material. This is due to a perfect correlation between pore volume and transmissivity that causes pore velocity to be not directly dependent on the transmissivity, but only indirectly through the hydraulic gradient, which is a much smoother function due to the diffusive behaviour of the flow equation acting as a filter. This smoothing property of the pore volume-transmissivity correlation is also supported by numerical simulations of tracer tests in a dipole flow field. Three different conceptual models are used: an empty fracture, a rough-walled fracture filled with a homogeneous material and a parallel-plate fracture with a heterogeneous fault gouge. All three models are hydraulically equivalent, yet they have a different pore volume distribution. Even if piezometric heads and specific flow rates are exactly the same at any point of the domain, the transport process differs dramatically. These differences make it important to discriminate in situ among different conceptual models in order to simulate correctly the transport phenomena. For this reason, we study the solute breakthrough and recovery curves at the extraction wells. Our numerical case studies show that discrimination on the basis of such data might be impossible except under very favourable conditions, i.e. the integral scale of the transmissivity field has to be known and small compared to the dipole size. If the latter conditions are satisfied, discrimination between the rough-walled fracture filled with a homogeneous material and the other two models becomes possible, whereas the parallel-plate fracture with a heterogeneous fault gouge and the empty fracture still show identifiability problems. The latter may be solved by inspection of aperture and pressure testing. 相似文献
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Indicators to distinguish between fecal coliforms of human and animal origin were investigated in water from storm sewer outfalls to a coastal lake during wet and dry weather. The ratio of fecal coliform relative to fecal streptococci count was used as the microbiological indicator. Concentrations of human-activities originated caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and fluorescence whitening agent (FWA) were used as chemical indicators. The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ranged from 0.2 to 3.0, during wet weather making it difficult to interpret the origin of fecal pollution. However, concentrations of caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and FWA in storm water outflow during wet weather were much higher than those in the lake water during dry weather, indicating the presence of human waste at storm water outfall. Strong correlation between fecal coliform counts and chemical parameter values further indicated the human contribution to the fecal coliform count. In addition, a strong correlation among the chemical parameters suggested that only one of them is needed as chemical tracer to detect the presence of human input. 相似文献
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Liu Wenjun Du Zhipeng Jin Junwei 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(3):270-275
In this paper, the main factors impacting the plug flow pattern of a clearwell were investigated by integrating pilot-scale,
full-scale clearwell tracer testing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. It was found that pilot tracer testing,
full-scale tracer testing and CFD simulation all demonstrated that the correlation between the ratio of t
10/T and L/W can be approximately expressed by: t
10/T = 0.189 4ln(L/W)-0.049 4. This study confirmed that the installation of baffles within clearwells is an efficient way to optimize their configuration.
In addition, the inlet velocity has a minimal contribution to the ratio of t
10/T. However, the ratio of turning channel width to channel width (d/W) significantly contributes to the ratio of t
10/T. The optimal ratio of d/W is 0.8–1.2 for maintaining better plug flow pattern. The number of turning channels is one of the main factors that impact
the ratio of t
10/T. When increasing the number of turning channels, a lower ratio of t
10/T is obtained. 相似文献
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137Cs示踪技术在滦河源区栗钙土风蚀速率估算中的应用 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对采集于滦河源区3个栗钙土剖面中的27个土层样品的pH、有机碳含量、碳酸钙含量、密度及质地进行了化验分析,运用ADCOM100超低本底γ谱仪测定了土壤样品1377Cs的比活度.结果表明,自然栗钙土以及被风蚀土壤剖面中137Cs比活度随深度呈指数递减式分布,其最大渗透深度可达约30cm;利用137Cs示踪技术估算的研究区土壤风蚀速率在0.1842cm·a-1和0.2897cm·a-1之间;栗钙土不同粒径土壤颗粒中137Cs的比活度差异显著,即细粒(粒径≤0.10mm的极细砂、粉粒和黏粒)中137Cs比活度大于细砂(0.10~0.25mm)中137Cs比活度大于粗粒(0.25~2.00mm的中砂、粗砂和极粗砂)中137Cs比活度.可见,运用137Cs示踪法可以定量估算区域土壤风蚀速率,但需综合考虑137s在土壤中的分布、土壤有机质含量和质地等因素,以使其结果将更为准确. 相似文献