模拟黑麦草根系有机酸参与下炼锌废渣对斑马鱼抗氧化酶和神经毒性的影响

为评价多金属矿山废渣堆场生态修复过程中,废渣在先锋修复植物根系分泌的机酸参与下浸出液对周边环境生物的影响.以斑马鱼（Danio rerio）为受试生物,通过模拟添加典型先锋植物（黑麦草）根系分泌的有机酸（草酸和酒石酸）处理贵州威宁土法炼锌废渣,以废渣浸出液对受试生物抗氧化酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）的不同响应为评价指标,研究各处理组对斑马鱼抗氧化系统、神经系统及组织学的影响.结果表明,两种有机酸的参与均会不同程度地降低炼锌废渣浸出液的pH,并导致废渣释放出更多重金属;暴露于有机酸参与的废渣浸出液14 d后,受试生物组织中的抗氧化酶受到显著影响,并因无法克服长时间的氧化应激最终引起丙二醇（MDA）在组织中累积;有机酸参与下废渣浸出液对斑马鱼具有明显的神经毒性,长时间暴露后受试生物出现游动迟缓、呼吸慢和鳃盖张合频率降低的现象;鳃组织存在上皮细胞水肿、增生或脱落、鳃丝充血和鳃小片扭曲或断裂的现象,而肌肉组织中出现更多肌纤维核增大、固缩和碎裂的现象.综上,选用适生性和耐受性较强、根系发达且有机酸分泌量较大的先锋植物来修复多金属废渣场地将可能促进废渣中重金属的释放并引起环境生物抗氧化系统和神经系...     

纳米氧化锌对大型溞肠道组织毒性效应及机理研究

研究了不同浓度纳米氧化锌（ZnONP）及其在水中释放的对应浓度的Zn²⁺溶液对大型溞（Daphnia magna）肠道组织显微和亚显微结构的影响,探讨了ZnONP对大型溞的肠道组织毒性效应特征和作用机理.结果表明,0.3 mg·L^-1-Zn²⁺组（Zn²⁺浓度0.170 mg·L^-1）和0.3 mg·L^-1 ZnONP溶液皆对大型溞的肠道造成损伤,主要导致大型溞中肠与直肠之间的连接处发生扭曲,其中ZnONP对肠道组织结构弯曲影响最为明显,0.3 mg·L^-1 ZnONP组引起大型溞个体最大肠道弯曲率高达42%.大型溞肠道组织HE染色结果显示,ZnONP暴露会造成大型溞肠道上皮组织断裂、胞间连接空泡化、纹状缘模糊及杯状细胞脱落等,而相对应浓度Zn²⁺组的毒性较弱.电子显微镜下对大型溞肠道组织亚显微结构观察发现,0.3 mg·L^-1 ZnONP处理组大型溞肠道上皮细胞组织出现微绒毛排列紊乱、脱落、溶解,上皮细胞松散,线粒体双层膜结构不完整,嵴溶解消失,核糖体增多等现象.0.3 mg·L^-1-Zn²⁺组大型溞肠道组织上皮细胞有损伤,但整体结构基本完整.从ZnONP和对应的Zn²⁺所产生的毒性效应特征和各组大型溞机体中Zn元素含量的测定分析,ZnONP对大型溞造成的肠道组织损伤不仅与其释放的Zn²⁺引起的毒性有关,更可能与大型溞对颗粒物摄取的方式或ZnONP在体内的积累量、排泄速率和作用的细胞器等有关.因此,ZnONP对肠道组织毒性效应产生的分子机制还需要 进一步研究.     

土壤中镉、锌离子的单一及竞争吸附研究

采用等温吸附法探讨了重金属镉、锌在青岛地区3种主要土壤(棕壤、潮土和砂浆黑土)中的吸附特征.结果表明,在质量浓度为20～500 mg/L的单一重金属等温吸附试验中,棕壤和潮上对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附量相近,而黑土对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附量明显高于棕壤和潮土.Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的双组分竞争吸附表明,3种上壤对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附量与其单独存在下的情形相比都有所下降.质量浓度分别为20～500mg/L的两种重金属元索等馈竞争吸附时,这3种土壤对Cd2+的吸附量比对Zn~(2+)的大.非等量竞争吸附试验的结果表明,3种土壤中,500mg/L的Zn~(2+)对100 mg/L的Cd~(2+)吸附量的影响均比同浓度的Cd~(2+)对Zn~(2+)的影响大.用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对这两种重金属离子的等温吸附试验数据进行拟合,均呈极显著相关关系.     

铅锌尾矿废弃地的化学性质研究

凡口铅锌尾矿废弃地的不同区位及不同深度的尾矿中铅锌含量存在着较大的差异 ,总锌为 70 3～ 19657mg/ kg、总铅 10 4 13～ 94 988mg/ kg。正常尾矿中 ,有效态锌含量达到 151.6～ 84 1.7mg/ kg,有效态铅含量很低 ( 0 .75～ 2 .50 mg/ kg) ,有机质、总氮、有效磷及速效钾等营养物质缺乏。当尾矿酸化后 ,p H降低 ,有效态 Pb、Zn含量升高 ,有效锌达到 175.8～ 2 82 8.0 mg/ kg,有效铅含量最高为 10 0 .0 mg/kg,而有机质、总氮和有效磷为零 ,使尾矿更加贫瘠。在尾矿库的边缘区位和尾矿表面的覆盖土壤区位 ,基质中营养物质含量增加 ,但是营养状况的改善又引起了有效态的 Pb、Zn含量升高。     

双硫腙-CTMAB光度法测定锌的研究

在硼砂 -氢氧化钠缓冲溶液 (p H=1 1 .0 )中 ,溴化十六烷基三甲胺 (CTMAB)存在下双硫腙与锌生成可溶于水的 2∶ 1红色络合物 ,λmax=540 nm ,ε=7.3 0× 1 0 4 L· cm-1· mol-1,锌含量在 0～ 0 .6mg/L内符合比耳定律。本法可用于水样中锌含量的测定     

A two-generational reproductive toxicity study of zinc in rats

A two-generation reproductive toxicity study of zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) was conducted in rats. F_o male and female rats were administered 0.00 (control), 7.50 (low), 15.00 (mid) and 30.00 (high) mg/kg/day of ZnCl₂. Selected F₁ male and female rats were exposed to the same doses received by their parents (F_o). Exposure of F₀ parental rats to ZnCl₂ showed significant reduction in fertility, viability (days 0 and 4), and the body weight of F₁ pups from the high-dose group but caused no effects on litter size, weaning index, and sex ratio. Similarly, the continued exposure of F₁ parental rats to ZnCl₂ also reduced fertility, liter size, viability (day 0), and the body weight of F₂ pups within the high-dose group but caused no effects on weaning index and sex ratio. Exposure of ZnCl₂ to F₀ and F₁ parental males resulted in a significant reduction in their body weights, and the F₀ and F₁ parental females did not show any significant difference in their body weights compared to their control groups. However, the postpartum dam weights of both F₀ and F₁ female rats were significantly reduced compared to their controls. Exposure of ZnCl₂ to F_o and F₁ generation parental rats did not produce any significant change of their clinical signs as well as their clinical pathology parameters, except the alkaline phosphotase (ALK) level, which showed an upward trend in both sexes of both generations. Exposure of ZnCl₂ to F₀ rats resulted in a reduction of brain, liver, kidney, spleen and seminal vesicles weights of males and in the spleen and uterus of females. Similarly, exposure of F₁ rats to ZnCl₂ also resulted in reduction of brain, liver, kidney, adrenal, spleen, prostate and seminal vesicles weights of males and in spleen and uterus of females. ZnCl₂ exposure resulted in grossly observed gastro-intestianla (GI) tract, lymphoreticular/hematopoietic, and reproductive tract lesions in parental rats in both generations. Reduced body fat was also recorded in F₁ parental rats.     

Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana

Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE – Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10⁻⁶ to 1× 10⁻⁴, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.     

锌对增强玉米耐涝抗渍的作用及其机理初探

在缺锌的砂姜黑土上研究锌对玉米增产效应的田间试验中发现，在严重渍涝高温时，锌有显著的增强玉米耐涝抗渍的作用。其机理与锌能明显降低植株体内氮磷含量，提高钾素含量，从而增强玉米的抗渍涝与高温的能力有关。统计结果表明，玉米秸杆中氮磷含量占整株氮磷含量的百分数与死亡率呈显著的正相关，而秸杆中的含钾量与死亡率呈一定的负相关。     

简化连续提取法评价污染土壤中Zn、Cd的植物有效性

以0.01 mol·L^-1CaCl₂和0.005 mol·L^-1 DTPA作为提取剂,用简化的3步连续提取法对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染土壤中Zn、Cd的形态进行了分析.结果显示,污染土壤中Zn、Cd主要以残渣态的形式存在,CaCl₂提取态和DTPA提取态Zn、Cd平均仅占全量的0.63%、3.91%和10.94%、10.13%.土壤中不同形态Zn、Cd含量与玉米中Zn、Cd含量的相关分析结果显示,CaCl₂提取态金属与玉米中金属含量没有显著的相关关系,而DTPA提取态、残渣态以及总量Zn、Cd与玉米根、茎叶中Zn、Cd含量显著正相关.这些结果表明CaCl₂提取态Zn、Cd对土壤中该元素的植物有效态可能不具重要贡献,而DTPA提取态金属和金属总量在一定程度上能作为评价土壤中元素植物有效性的标准.     

重金属吸附菌处理含锌废水的研究

从污水厂活性污泥中分离筛选出3株对重金属锌吸附能力较强的菌株,考察了pH值、温度和Zn2+质量浓度对菌株吸附含锌废水的影响。结果表明,菌株Z-5-2在pH=7.0、温度30℃、Zn2+质量浓度为200mg/L时吸附效果最好;菌株Z-5-3在pH=6.0、温度28℃、Zn2+质量浓度为250mg/L时吸附效果最好;菌株Z-5-4在pH=7.0、温度28℃、Zn2+质量浓度300mg/L时吸附效果最好。其中,菌株Z-5-4吸附能力最强,吸附率可达95.5%,对菌株Z-5-4进行16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定Z-5-4为产吲哚金黄色杆菌。