古夫河着生藻类优势种体积与水质因子的相关性研究

通过研究长江三峡库区古夫河着生藻类优势种体积的变化,探索影响其体积的主要水质因子,为河流水质评价提供依据.于2010年12月至2012年2月,对古夫河着生藻类和地表水采样11次,共鉴定着生藻类197种,检测水质指标10项.选取Mcnaughton优势度指数(Y)>0.02的着生藻类(共30种)作为优势种并计算体积;利用主成分分析(PCA)分析优势种藻类在不同月份的体积变化.结果显示,硅藻门对冷暖季的变化较为敏感.将水质因子与优势种藻类体积进行典范对应分析(CCA),结果显示水质因子与藻类体积相关性大小为:溶解氧>氨氮>叶绿素a>酸碱度>硝态氮>总磷>水温>总氮>总有机碳>化学需氧量.Monte Carlo显著性检验结果为溶解氧和氨氮对着生藻类体积的影响最大,其次为叶绿素a、酸碱度和硝态氮.硅藻门藻类体积的变化可以判断古夫河水体中溶解氧、氨氮、叶绿素a、酸碱度、硝态氮的含量与变化.     

湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量

采用定量PCR方法测定了4个湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系. 结果表明:小南湖AOA(氨氧化古菌)和AOB(氨氧化细菌)的amoA基因数量最多,分别达2.1×104和2.8×103copies/g(以干质量计,下同);梁子湖仅检测到了AOA amoA基因的存在,平均值为4.9×103copies/g. 东湖和汤逊湖的AOA amoA基因数量比较接近,约为3.0×103copies/g,然而AOB的amoA基因数量在这2个湖泊中仅分别为37和86copies/g;在这些采样点中,AOA的amoA基因数量是AOB的3~278倍. 统计分析发现,随着湖泊营养水平和间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)的上升,AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量均呈增加趋势,但ρ(NH₄+)增加对AOB的促进作用要大于AOA,导致AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量比值与间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)呈显著负相关. pH上升对2类氨氧化微生物的抑制作用则与ρ(NH₄+)增加对它们的促进作用相反. 沉积物中amoA基因数量与间隙水中ρ(NO₂-)无显著相关性,但与ρ(NO₃-)呈显著正相关. 由于ρ(NH₄+)与ρ(DO)之间呈显著负相关,因此认为ρ(DO)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间的显著负相关可能更多的是对ρ(NH₄+)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间紧密关系的一种间接反应.      

腾冲热海高温酸性热泉类病毒颗粒的多样性

为了解云南腾冲热海高温酸性热泉中类病毒颗粒的多样性及特征,采用电子显微镜、双层平板及DNA限制性酶切分析等方法,从腾冲热海61~94℃酸性热泉富集液中分离纯化病毒颗粒,对病毒形态特征进行分析比较.结果显示:腾冲热海不同酸性热泉样品富集培养物中病毒DNA的限制性酶切图谱差异明显;病毒液中共观察到4种不同类型的病毒状颗粒,依据其形态特征,大致可以分为头尾型病毒、丝状病毒、球状病毒、纺锤型病毒;这些病毒形态与分离自美国、日本、冰岛等地的高温酸性热泉病毒形态基本相似,多数类似于硫化叶菌已发现的病毒,可见腾冲热海高温酸性热泉中类病毒颗粒具有一定的多样性.同时分离获得一株硫化叶菌病毒,呈纺锤形,一端有尾,纺锤形头部的大小为220 nm×80 nm,尾部的长度变化很大,从20~100 nm不等,平均长度为50 nm左右,病毒有囊膜,囊膜的厚度约为10~15 nm,该病毒的形态特征、形成抑菌斑的大小及宿主菌株的特性与分离自腾冲热海的第一株硫化叶菌病毒STSV1差异显著,可能为一株新的硫化叶菌病毒,故命名为STSV2(Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 2).     

曹妃甸老龙口现代沉积环境及重金属污染特征研究

利用测年、重金属测定、粒度测定等方法,对河北曹妃甸老龙口区域的7个柱状沉积物进行了粒度、沉积物的测年、重金属含量测定和分析,探讨潮滩重金属沉积的控制因素和迁移规律.结果显示,老龙口潮滩属于细沙和粉沙,根据同位素测年结果,L06沉积速率最大,为0.90cm/a;其余柱状样沉积速率均小于0.5cm/a,平均沉积速率为0.32cm/a,曹妃甸潮滩属于缓慢沉积;柱状样垂直方向波动剧烈,受人类活动影响明显.重金属的含量在柱样的30~40cm深度呈现向表层递增的趋势,Hg、Cr的污染比较严重、其他元素基本无污染.虽然多数重金属元素在背景值附近没有出现污染现象,生态危害性极低,但是,受Pb、Hg中度重金属生态危害的影响,该区域多种重金属生态危害指数(ERI)达158.41,表现为中等程度的生态危害性;存在一定的潜在生态风险.     

古水文地球化学形迹与地浸砂岩铀成矿的关系

本文以水成铀矿床、地质构造学、沉积学、古水文地质学、铀水文地球化学、同位素地质学等学科理论,从分析伊犁盆地南缘铀成矿大地构造背景入手,初步进行了盆地地质构造、地质演化、含矿岩系沉积特征、地下水中同位素(D、18O、3H、234U/238U、230Th/232Th等)和水文地球化学的研究,基本查明了伊犁盆地南缘区域地下水动力条件,研究了区域水文地球化学条件与铀成矿的关系,探讨古地下水演化与铀成矿作用的关系,为全盲型地浸砂岩铀成矿的水文地球化学及古水文地质预测研究提供理论基础.     

中国第四纪黄土古环境研究若干进展

随着技术进步和多方位研究进展,第四纪古环境研究向着多元古环境替代指标、高分辨率古气候研究、气候变化的多种驱动因素等方面发展。文章总结了中国黄土古环境研究中的主要替代性指标,包括黄土磁化率、黄土粒度、植物硅酸体、孢粉组合、蜗牛化石、碳氧同位素和^10Be、黄土与古土壤。概述了当前对黄土—古土壤的时间标尺、末次冰期的短尺度气候事件以及东亚古季风变化机制的认识。     

澜沧江沉积物氨氧化及反硝化微生物丰度

为了探究梯级水库开发对河流沉积物中氮循环微生物的影响,本文针对澜沧江流域氨氧化细菌(AOB)、氨氧化古菌(AOA)和nirS型反硝化微生物丰度进行了研究,采集了云南省盐井至橄榄坝19个点位的沉积物样品,测定了研究区域内自然河流、水库河段、重要支流的AOB-amoA、AOA-amoA和nirS基因的丰度,同时测定了沉积物、间隙水及水体理化因子.结果显示:19个点位沉积物AOB-amoA基因丰度范围为0.82×10⁷～4.25×10⁷copies/g,AOA-amoA基因丰度范围为0.83×10⁷～6.87×10⁷copies/g,nirS基因丰度范围为0.72×10⁷～7.32×10⁷copies/g;AOA/AOB介于0.35～2.17之间,AOA在数量上相比于AOB并不占优势.AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA和nirS丰度在自然河段、水库段和支流没有显著差异,说明人工水利设施的建设对氨氧化微生物丰度空间分布并无显著影响.沉积物间隙水氨氮、总磷和总氮是影...     

末次间冰期以来渭河盆地沉积相变化及其影响

渭河盆地南依秦岭、北邻黄土高原,保存了巨厚的风尘河湖相沉积序列,是研究新生代气候环境演化的理想场所.以位于西安凹陷区域的西安市鄠邑区正庄村获取的14 m钻孔岩心作为研究对象,通过与邻近的渭南黄土剖面粒度曲线和全球LR04深海氧同位素曲线对比,构建了岩心序列的年代标尺,利用粒度、磁化率等指标探讨风尘-湖相沉积对风力和水动力的不同响应.对粒度测试结果采用威布尔分布(Weibull-distribution)拟合方法,提取了4个粒度组分指示不同沉积相及变化,结果表明:(1)西安凹陷鄠邑地区在末次间冰期结束时发生了一次沉积相变,由湖泊沉积转向风成沉积;(2)尽管沉积相发生变化,粒度指标对沉积环境变化响应仍然敏感,与黄土和石笋记录可良好对比,揭示出末次间冰期以来渭河盆地沉积环境的显著变化.     

Quantity and activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria and their contribution to ammonia oxidation in farmland soil of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is mainly performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the activities of AOA and AOB in soil and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation are unclear, and whether there is a significant correlation between the quantity of AOA and AOB and the ammonia oxidation rate is also controversial. In this study, quantitative PCR combined with acetylene (C2H2) and 1-octyne inhibition methods were used to determine the quantity and activity of AOA and AOB in wheat, highland barley, and oilseed rape soils in Nyingchi, Lhatse, Sangzhuzi, and Sangri counties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the quantity of AOB ((2.34 ± 0.84) ×105 - (2.65 ± 1.07) ×106 copies g-1 dry soil) was significantly higher than that of AOA ((0.20 ± 0.10) ×104 - (4.02 ± 0.39) ×104 copies g-1 dry soil) in all the soil samples. Soil pH was the key factor affecting the quantity of AOB, and the total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen in soil were the key factors affecting the quantity of AOA. The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse (2.42 ± 0.73 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangzhuzi (3.24 ± 1.15 mg kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than those in the soils of Nyingchi (1.17 ± 0.43 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangri counties (0.88 ± 0.57 mg kg-1 d-1). The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse and Sangzhuzi were dominated by AOB, while those in the farmland soils of Nyingchi and Sangri counties were dominated by AOA. For crops, the ammonia oxidation rates of wheat and oilseed rape soils in all four regions were significantly higher than those of highland barley soil, whereas the activity of AOA and AOB was not influenced by crops. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was the key factor influencing AOA activity, whereas soil pH and total carbon were the main factors influencing AOB activity. Additionally, the quantities of AOA and AOB were not significantly correlated with the total ammonia oxidation rates and AOA and AOB activity. Overall, our study suggests that both AOA and AOB play important roles in ammonia oxidation in farmland soils of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it is unreliable to predict the activity of AOA and AOB and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation directly based on their number of amoA genes, and the activity of AOA and AOB should be directly and accurately measured. These results are important for understanding ammonia nitrogen removal processes, slowing nitrate loss, and reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in the farmland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.