免疫传感器用于环境中痕量有害物质检测的研究进展

随着免疫测定技术与传感技术的发展,人们开发了以固定化的抗体(抗原)为识别元件,基于特异性的免疫反应原理的免疫传感器.该传感器灵敏度高、选择性好,可实现对农药分子、工业有机污染物、重金属、生物毒素等有害物质的实时、在体、在线测定,在环境污染监测中具有巨大的应用前景.本文对免疫传感器的原理、制备、分类作了简要介绍,综述了近年来用于痕量有害物质检测的免疫传感器在固定化方法和传感技术等方面的最新研究成果,并探讨了免疫传感器在环境监测中的应用和发展方向.     

Variation of grain Cd and Zn concentrations of 110 hybrid rice cultivars grown in a low-Cd paddy soil

Enhanced Cd uptake and Zn depletion in rice grains and high potential for food Cd exposure by the high-yielding hybrid cultivars of China had been addressed. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 to determine the di erence in grain Cd and Zn between cultivars. Total 110 cultivars including super rice and common hybrid rice cultivars were grown on a single paddy soil (Entic Haplaquept) with a neutral reaction and low total Cd content. Grain Cd and Zn concentrations were determined with graphite atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS) and flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively.Wide variation of Cd content in grain was found in a range of 0.004–0.057 mg/kg, while the Zn content in a range of 10.25–30.06 mg/kg among the cultivars. Higher Cd but lower Zn concentration in grains of super rice cultivars was observed compared to the common hybrid ones. A highly significant positive linear correlation of grain Cd/Zn with grain Cd was found for super rice and common hybrid cultivars, meanwhile much higher slope for these hybrid cultivars than the reported non-hybrid cultivars was also observed. Using the limit value of the Chinese chemical guidelines for foods (MOHC and SSC, 2005), calculated potential risk of food Cd exposure with “Zn hungry” through diet intake was prominent with all the studied 110 hybrid rice cultivars, possessing high potential health problems for rice production in South China using the super rice cultivars. Breeding of genotypes of rice cultivars with low grain Cd and low Cd/Zn ratio is needed for rice production in acidic red soils where Cd bioavailability is prevalently high.     

Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their harmful e ects on human health and other organisms in the environment. Most of the studies dealing with toxic e ects of metals deal with single metal species, while the aquatic organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of metals. Hence, in order to provide data supporting the usefulness of freshwater fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution, it has been proposed in the present study to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs of freshwater fingerlings Cirrhinus mrigala, individually and in binary solutions with nickel. The results show that the kidney is a target organ for chromium accumulation, which implies that it is also the “critical” organ for toxic symptoms. The results further show that accumulation of nickel in all the tissues of C. mrigala is higher than that of chromium. In addition, the metal accumulations of the binary mixtures of chromium and nickel are substantially higher than those of the individual metals, indicating synergistic interactions between the two metals. Theoretically the simplest explanation for an additive joint action of toxicants in a mixture is that they act in a qualitatively similar way. The observed data suggest that C. mrigala could be suitable monitoring organisms to study the bioavailability of water-bound metals in freshwater habitats.     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

危险物质流体传输系统的紧急隔离——自动切断阀的应用及其局限性

作为一种保护性设备,自动切断阀的主要作用是防止在运输或储存过程中有害物质因泄漏而失去控制。当流体通过自动切断阀的流速超过正常的预定范围时（如下游发生泄漏或阀门、管件等出现问题）,该阀门就应该关闭,将泄漏控制住,直到发生泄漏的部位被堵住或被隔离。但很多事例表明,由于使用不当,有些自动切断阀并未起到其应有的作用。因此,在预防储罐或管线中的化学物质意外泄漏时,     

国外VOCs污染防治政策体系借鉴

为了控制VOCs污染,世界各国都制定了相应的控制政策,已经取得了一定成效。而在中国,针对VOCs的污染系统防治工作才刚刚起步。借鉴国外VOCs污染防治政策体系建设方面的经验,并提出相应对策,有助于中国防治VOCs污染。随着社会经济的发展,环境问题日益突出。挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)作为一种大气污染物,已成为危害人类健康的一大公害。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)定义,VOCs是沸点在50℃～250℃,常温下以蒸汽形式存在于空气中的一     

有毒重金属污染土壤稳定化/固化处理技术分析

如今,土壤污染形势越来越严重,成为了全球性环境的重要问题之一,而在土壤污染中有毒重金属的污染占据着重要比重,严重威胁着人们生活及各种植物的生长。因此,探究怎样处理有毒重金属所污染土壤的处理具有实际意义。本文分析了有毒重金属污染土壤稳定化/固化处理技术,为相关研究人士提供理论参考依据。     

探讨环境监测实验中有害试剂的使用与处理

环境监测实验需要许多化学试剂进行辅助完成,这些化学试剂可以精准得出监测数据帮助完成环境监测实验.这个过程中实验员会利用到一些有毒有害的化学试剂,这些有毒有害的化学试剂在化学实验中具有相当重要的作用,但是由于自身的特性不可避免的操作和使用中具有一定的有害性,使得在使用时如果使用不当和处理不科学或造成严重的后果,所以如何科学合理的利用这些有害化学试剂,保证环境监测结果的准确性科学性,是环境监测实验中值得注意的问题之一.本文通过对环境监测中会利用到哪些具体的有害化学试剂分析,分别提出如何规范使用这些化学试剂的和科学的处理化学废液方法,达到环境监测预期的目标,保证人身财产安全.     

毒性鉴别评价方法对城镇污水处理厂去除水中有毒物质的分析实例

以江苏省常州市城北污水算处理厂的进水、活性污泥处理系统的出水以及A^2O处理工艺的出水为研究对象，对进出水进行Daphnia magna急性毒性试验。结果表明，进水对Daphnia magna具有24h急性毒性，经过活性污泥处理工艺处理及A^2O处理工艺处理，两股出水均不显示24h急性毒性，采用毒性鉴别评价（Toxicity Identification Evaluation,TE）方法对进水进行监测和评价，发现曝气可去除进水的毒性，C18固相提取亦可去除进水毒性，进水中存在的主要毒物为易挥发的非极性有机化合物，进一步检测可知，进水中的关键毒物主要为邻丙基甲醛肟、1，1－甲基乙基－2－甲氧基苯酚、2－氮，氮二甲基苯甲醇等，此外，对2个处理系统出水进行GC／MS分析，可知出水中关键毒物基本被去除。     

生态砖:下水道淤泥制造!

<正>处理下水道的淤泥是每个城市市政工程的头疼之事,如果能将他们变废为宝,那可能大家就抢着要它了。淤泥肥料遭到农民抵制下水道的污水最终去向何处?各国的处理方式不一。在德国,每座城市的下水道污水最终流向一些污水处理厂,经过处理后没有淤泥和有害物质的二次水可进入城市河道。因此,淤