Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

Inhibitory effects of nisin-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube sheet on biofilm formation from Bacillus anthracis spores

Multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT） sheet was fabricated from a drawable MWCNT forest and then deposited on poly（methyl methacrylate） film. The film was further coated with a natural antimicrobial peptide nisin. We studied the effects of nisin coating on the attachment of Bacillus anthracis spores, the germination of attached spores, and the subsequent biofilm formation from attached spores. It was found that the strong adsorptivity and the super hydrophobicity of MWCNTs provided an ideal platform for nisin coating. Nisin coating on MWCNT sheets decreased surface hydrophobicity, reduced spore attachment, and reduced the germination of attached spores by 3.5 fold, and further inhibited the subsequent biofilm formation by 94.6% compared to that on uncoated MWCNT sheet. Nisin also changed the morphology of vegetative cells in the formed biofilm.The results of this study demonstrated that the anti-adhesion and antimicrobial effect of nisin in combination with the physical properties of carbon nanotubes had the potential in producing effective anti-biofilm formation surfaces.     

土壤剖面部分多环芳烃源识别参数的纵向变化及成因

通过对北京和天津地区18条土壤剖面样品中PAHs的分析检测及PAHs的土柱淋滤实验模拟研究,得出了部分反映PAHs污染源的分子标志物参数在土壤剖面(或淋滤土柱)上的纵向变化特征,分析了PAHs化合物的纵向迁移作用对这些参数的影响,讨论了部分用于识别土壤中PAHs污染源的分子标志物参数的有效性。结果表明:在土壤剖面0~50 cm范围内,An/Ph,MPI1,MP/P值均有随深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势,在深层(>50 cm)不同剖面之间这些参数值差别不大;Fl/Py随深度增大呈现一定的波动性,但总体波动范围较小,且在0~40 cm变化不大;C0/(C0+C1)P/A和C0/(C0+C1)F/P值变化较为复杂。土柱淋滤实验表明,在0~50 cm范围内,部分PAHs污染源识别参数(An/178、MPI1、MP/P、C0/(C0+C1)F/P和C0/(C0+C1)P/A等)随深度的变化趋势与自然土壤剖面中的变化趋势基本一致,在深层50~100 cm范围内,这些参数值的大小逐渐与原土中的接近。表明淋滤作用(迁移过程)对表层土及土壤剖面浅部(50 cm范围内)部分PAHs污染源参数值的大小有不同程度的影响,运用PAHs污染源识别参数时,这些参数的有效性应引起足够的注意;而剖面深部(>50 cm)PAHs参数值受表层污染物组成的影响较小,其大小主要反映原土中化合物组成及成因。不同剖面受淋滤作用影响的范围存在一定的差别,这主要取决于土壤中TOC的分布特征。     

多层含水层地下水数值模型参数灵敏度分析

为分析多含水层结构地下水数值模型中水文地质参数的影响特征,文章以辽宁阜新某项目区为例,采用地下水模拟软件(GMS)建立具有4层含水层结构的地下水数值模型,并进行拟合校正,选取渗透系数、给水度进行局部灵敏度和全局灵敏度分析。结果表明:渗透系数对模型结果的影响比给水度大;参数变幅为10%时,渗透系数灵敏度是给水度灵敏度的10倍左右;就全局灵敏度而言,参数联合灵敏度大于单个灵敏度之和。     

集合经验模态分解在长江中下游梅雨变化多尺度分析中的应用

基于长江中下游流域5个梅雨监测站1961~2012年的日数据,利用集合经验模态分解（EEMD）方法,对研究期内梅雨时间序列进行多尺度的分析,探讨其在不同时间尺度上的振荡模态结构特征。结果表明：近50多年来,长江中下游梅雨变化呈现出显著的年际和年代际尺度振荡特征,在年际尺度上表现出准3 a和6 a的周期变化,而在年代际尺度上显示准13 a和24 a的周期变化;各分量方差〖JP2〗贡献率显示,年际振荡在梅雨长期变化中占据主导地位;自1961年以来,EEMD分解的梅雨长期变化趋势表现出先增加后减少的倒“U”型特征,其中1961~1985年呈上升趋势,1985~2012年呈下降趋势,尤其是在2000年之后的下降趋势最为明显。由此可以看出,EEMD能够有效地揭示梅雨长期序列在不同时间尺度上的变化规律,可用于诊断非线性、非平稳性信号变化的复杂性特征     

杭州市办公场所室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征

分析评价了杭州市办公场所中PBDEs的污染现状、污染特征.结果表明,办公场所中PBDEs气相和颗粒相总浓度范围为40.66~141.00 pg·m-3,平均浓度为93.22 pg·m-3,是家庭室内、室外浓度的1.87、5.01倍.BDE-47、BDE-99为办公场所中最重要的两种同系物,分别占总浓度的33.29%、31.99%.PBDEs气相浓度是颗粒相的1.34倍,其中BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99主要存在于气相中,BDE-153、BDE-183主要存在于颗粒相中.     

基于GLUE法的多指标水质模型参数率定方法

目前对水质模型进行参数率定通常利用计算机算法来实现,但由于水质模型日趋复杂的非线性结构往往会导致"异参同效"现象,无法通过单个似然度判断参数的取值是否能够取得真值.为避免这一情况,本文提出了一套基于GLUE法的多目标模型参数率定方法,并以WASP水质模型的应用为例,通过Sobol方法确定模型的敏感参数,并利用DO、CBOD、氨氮、硝态氮4项指标的似然函数对参数同时进行率定.结果表明,该方法既可以有效地避免因追求"过拟合"而造成模型参数取值不当,也可以减小模型参数的不确定性,为具有"异参同效"现象的复杂模型的参数率定工作提供了一个更为可靠的方法.     

天津市公交站人群PM10暴露研究及PAHs健康风险评估

2012年9月在天津市城市交通密集区(八里台、海光寺公交车站)采集可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并对采集的样品进行有机分析.在此基础上,针对公交车站候车的成年人群,应用美国EPA开发的电子数据库IRIS(Integrated Risk Information System),对可吸入颗粒物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)成分进行了健康风险评估.暴露采样的分析结果表明,两车站的PM10暴露浓度均值分别为(279.0±63.7)μg·m-3和(335.0±60.0)μg·m-3,其中的总多环芳烃质量浓度分别为(219.0±98.5)ng·m-3、(171.0±52.7)ng·m-3.多环芳烃致癌健康风险评估结果显示,两站候车人群在候车过程中的致癌风险分别为2.47×10-7、1.75×10-7,低于美国EPA所认可的可接受风险范围(10-6~10-4).     

广州地区典型多溴联苯醚迁移和归趋行为模拟

运用多介质逸度模型对典型PBDEs(BDE47、BDE99、BDE209)在广州地区大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的浓度分布与多介质间的迁移、归趋进行了模拟研究并分析了3种化合物在研究区域环境多介质间的迁移通量,确定其在环境中的主要迁移过程;结合实际监测数据,对模型的可靠性进行验证;以BDE47和BDE209为例,对模型的输入参数进行灵敏度分析;并以BDE209为例,对模型进行不确定性分析.通过模拟浓度与实测浓度的对比,表明模型在该地区具有很好的适用性.结果表明,环境系统达到平衡时,BDE47、BDE99和BDE209在土壤和沉积物中的含量分别占其在环境系统总含量的17.73%和82.26%,14.65%和85.35%,4.81%和95.19%;PBDEs从环境系统中的消失途径主要为大气平流输出和土壤降解;logKow和大气平流输入是影响化合物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素;不确定性分析指出BDE209在土壤相中浓度的变异系数最大.     

多段A/O工艺处理制革废水一级生化出水的效能

针对现有制革废水处理工艺难以使氨氮达标排放的问题,引入多段A/O工艺(MAOP)作为制革废水二级生物处理单元,探讨分段进水、水力停留时间(HRT)以及污泥回流比(R)对其COD和氨氮同步去除的影响.结果证明,无论是否分段进水,四段MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水均有良好的COD去除效果,当污泥停留时间(SRT)为18d、HRT不小于24h时,其出水浓度都可保持在300mg/L以下,满足GB8978-1996二级排放标准.在各段进水比为4:3:2:1、R 100%、HRT 48h、SRT 18d条件下,MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水的氨氮去除率高达97.7%,出水浓度3.6mg/L左右,达到GB8978-1996一级排放标准.MAOP同时具备反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化等多种脱氮机制,是一种颇具前景的制革废水生物脱氮技术.