水电工程地下洞室施工作业职业危害及控制

水电工程地下洞室施工建设周期长、施工复杂,不同工种作业人员众多,且都属于地下作业,现场作业环境恶劣,加强作业人员职业健康保护尤显重要。本文通过调查水电工程地下洞室施工过程中的工程建设内容、施工机械设备、作业人员构成,并根据水电工程地下洞室施工各阶段的施工特点,分析了各阶段施工作业过程中可能产生的职业性有害因素的类型和特点。在此基础上,有针对性的提出预防控制措施,以达到防治相关职业性有害因素对作业人员危害的目的。     

四川绵竹清平乡文家沟“8·13”特大泥石流灾害

2010年8月13日四川绵竹市清平乡文家沟暴发特大规模泥石流灾害(简称"8.13"特大泥石流)。在野外调查的基础上,分析了此次泥石流灾害的特征,并从其形成条件入手,探讨了此次灾害的成因和未来发展趋势。文家沟流域在2010年8月12日16时至13日04时的降雨量达227 mm,暴雨形成强大洪水冲刷流域内在地震期间形成的滑坡-碎屑流堆积体,并形成高容重粘性泥石流。泥石流依次冲毁沟内19座谷坊和1座拦挡坝,冲出总量达429.3×104 m3,完全堵断绵远河,形成长约1 650 m、宽约420 m、高约12 m的堰塞坝,堰塞湖回水长1.5 km。泥石流共造成6人死亡或失踪,379间房屋被冲毁掩埋,汉(旺)清(平)公路中断,2座桥梁被毁。研究表明,松散物质的极大丰富和堵溃是导致"8.13"特大泥石流规模巨大的主要原因;文家沟在短期内泥石流仍会频发,但规模要比"8.13"泥石流小。     

反应过程典型事故共性分析及安全防控对策研究

为了充分挖掘事故教训,提高化工装置反应过程的安全性水平,收集了5起典型的化工装置反应过程事故,包括:光化釜爆炸事故、聚氯乙烯聚合釜爆炸事故、硝化装置爆炸事故、重氮盐生产过程爆炸事故及磺化反应釜爆炸事故。剖析了事故发生的多方面原因,包括:反应危害认识不足、工艺危险性分析不充分、安全条件没确定、过度依赖操作者及控制系统设计有缺陷等。针对每种原因进行了深入的分析,并借鉴事故的教训、已有的标准及优秀的做法,提出了科学系统的反应过程安全防控建议。     

Measurement and relationship between critical tube diameter and critical energy for direct blast initiation of gaseous detonations

For the explosion safety assessment in industrial setting, detonation dynamic parameters provide important information on the sensitivity and conditions whereby detonations can be favorably occurred. In this study, new measurement of the critical tube diameter and the critical energy for direct initiation of a detonation is reported for a number of hydrocarbon–oxygen mixtures. The simultaneous experimental measurement carried out in this work allows the investigation of the direct scaling between these two dynamic parameter quantities of gaseous detonations. Using the new set of data, this paper also assesses the validity of an existing semi-empirical initiation model, namely, the surface energy model by Lee, and a simplified work done model. Both phenomenological models provide a general relationship between the two dynamic detonation parameters and comparison shows a good agreement between the theoretical results and the experimental measurement. The scaling of critical tube diameter with detonation cell size in this study also confirms the results in the previous literature.     

A discussion of the potential impacts of climate change on the shorelines of the Northeastern USA

An increase in the rate of sea-level rise and potential changes in storminess represent important components of global climate change that will likely affect the extensive coasts of the Northeastern USA. Raising sea level not only increases the likelihood of coastal flooding, but changes the template for waves and tides to sculpt the coast, which can lead to land loss orders of magnitude greater than that from direct inundation alone. There is little question that sea-level rise, and in particular an increased rate of rise, will result in permanent losses of coastal land. However, quantitative predictions of these future coastal change remains difficult due in part to the complexity of coastal systems and the influence of infrequent storm events, and is further confounded by coastal science’s insufficient understanding of the behavior of coastal systems over decadal timescales. Recently, dramatic improvements in technology have greatly improved our capabilities to investigate and characterize processes and sedimentary deposits in the coastal zone, allowing us, for the first time, to address some of the over-arching problems involved in shoreline change. Despite advances in many areas of coastal geology, our fundamental understanding of shoreline change has been limited by a lack of a broad and integrated scientific focus, a lack of resources, and a lack of willingness on the part of policymakers who make crucial decisions about human activity along the coast to support basic research in this area. Although quantitative predictions remain constrained, there remains little doubt that the predicted climates changes will have profound effects upon the Northeastern coast.     

水体中的主要污染物及其危害

介绍了水体污染的概念,水体污染是指排入水体的污染物在数量上超过了该物质在水体中的本底含量和水体的环境容量,从而导致水体的物理特征、化学特征和生物特征发生不良变化,破坏了水体固有的生态系统,破坏了水体的功能及其在经济发展和人民生活中的作用。并列举了能够造成水体污染的12类主要物质,并对其所造成的危害加以分析。     

海岛地区地质灾害易发性评价模型构建研究——以岱山县衢山镇为例

以岱山县衢山镇为研究区,以斜坡单元为评价单元,在重点分析地质环境条件与地质灾害相关性的基础上,筛选影响地质灾害易发性的主要参评因子,构建评价模型,并完成指标因子的分析与量化,并借助层次分析法和综合危险指数法确定易发性的综合评分,进而划定易发程度等级和修编易发程度分区。评价模型的构建过程可为海岛地区地质灾害易发性评价提供参考。     

用油淬火的火灾防治

现在不时仍有因淬火油使用不当而发生的火灾事故和惨剧 ,这不仅造成了巨大的经济损失 ,而且对环境和安全生产构成了巨大威胁。对使用淬火油可能产生火灾事故的原因进行了分析 ,提出了应对措施和建议。     

中国地震次生地质灾害分布及地市级危险性区划研究

地震次生地质灾害指由地震活动引起的地质灾害。地震次生地质灾害,主要为崩塌、滑坡,其次为塌陷、地裂缝、砂土液化等。地震次生地质灾害增强了地震的破坏效应,加剧了地震灾害的损失程度,给抢险救灾和灾后重建造成很大困难。一般震级大于5级、烈度超过6度的地震可能引发不同程度的地质灾害,震级和烈度越高,次生地质灾害越严重。本文根据中国历史地震次生地质灾害的活动程度及发生条件,以地(市、区、盟)为单元,进行了危险性评价:高度和中度危险区主要分布在中国中部的陕甘宁川渝滇藏地区,形成一个大致北北东向的高危险带,其余大部分地区为轻度危险区。