Modeling and optimization of Nile blue sulfate mineralization by heterogeneous fenton oxidation

Artificial neural network and response surface methodology have been used to develop a model for simulation and optimization of the removal of Nile blue sulfate by heterogeneous Fenton oxidation. Experimental data were used to train an artificial neural network model with linear transfer function at the output layer and a tangent sigmoid transfer function at the hidden layer. A Box–Behnken design was employed to assess the effects of input process parameters on the total organic carbon removal. First order kinetics and lumped kinetics models were used to describe the reaction; a high regression coefficient indicated that the latter fitted best. The formation of non-oxidizable compounds was shown by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.     

不同波段下黄海中二甲基硫光氧化动力学研究

采集黄海表层海水样品,在模拟太阳光照射条件下研究二甲基硫(DMS)在UVB(280、295和305nm)、UVA(320、345和395nm)和可见光(435和495nm)8个不同波段下的光化学氧化动力学行为,并探讨其对二甲亚砜(DMSO)生成的贡献率.研究结果表明,DMS光氧化过程均符合一级反应动力学方程,在UVB、UVA和可见光波段的光氧化速率常数分别为2.71~5.52、2.23~4.09和1.5~2.65d^-1.同一样品UVB波段下DMS的氧化速率明显大于UVA和可见光波段下的速率,且在280nm下最大.随着光照时间的增长,海水样品中DMS浓度与有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收系数(α(355))表现出明显的负相关性,表明CDOM吸光特性对DMS的光氧化过程有明显影响.此外,8个不同波段下DMS光氧化向DMSO的转化率在20.0%-31.9%范围之间,其中在280nm下达到最大值.     

煤粉固硫燃烧的动力学研究

采用新汶、阳泉原煤作为实验用煤,选择Ca（OH）2作为主固硫剂,考察了Ca／S的变化对燃煤固硫燃烧特性以及动力学参数的影响,采用碳酸盐、氯化物和氢氧化物3大系列化学试剂作为添加剂,在Ca／S为1.5的条件下,考察了它们对Ca（OH）2固硫能力的影响,以及固硫煤粉的燃烧特性和动力学参数的变化,实验表明：1）碳酸钾添加剂的助固硫作用明显,将固硫率提高了14％左右;2）固硫剂Ca（OH）2的加入使Arrhenius曲线斜率增大,明显提高了燃烧反应的活化能;3）随着Ca／S的增加,原煤的着火点和结束点、活化能有逐渐增大的趋势;4）添加剂对原煤燃烧特性的影响并不显著,但对活化能的影响却十分明显,添加剂的加入有效地降低了燃烧反应的活化能。     

Kinetics of microwave-enhanced oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide

Aqueous solutions of phenol were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide assisted by microwave (MW) irradiation. A simple kinetic model for the overall degradation of phenol in the presence of excess H₂O₂ is proposed in which the degradation rate of phenol is expressed as a linear function of the concentrations of phenol and H₂O₂. A detailed parametric study showed that the degradation rate of phenol increased with increasing [H₂O₂] until saturation was observed. Phenol degradation followed apparent zero-order kinetics under MW radiation or H₂O₂ oxidation. However, after 90 min of irradiation, the observed kinetics shifted to pseudo first order. The overall reaction rates were significantly enhanced in the combined MW/H₂O₂ system, mainly because microwave could accelerate H₂O₂ to generate hydroxyl radical (^·OH) and other reactive oxygen intermediates. The observed synergetic effects of the MW/H₂O₂ process resulted in an increased in the net reaction rate by a factor of 5.75. When hydrogen peroxide is present in a large stoichiometric excess, the time required to achieve complete mineralization is reduced significantly.     

Comparison between linear and non-linear forms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic models for the removal of methylene blue by activated carbon

The best-fit equations of linear and non-linear forms of the two widely used kinetic models, namely pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations, were compared in this study. The experimental kinetics of methylene blue adsorption on activated carbon was used for this research. Both the correlation coefficient (R ²) and the normalized standard deviation Δq(%) were employed as error analysis methods to determine the best-fitting equations. The results show that the non-linear forms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were more suitable than the linear forms for fitting the experimental data. The experimental kinetics may have been distorted by linearization of the linear kinetic equations, and thus, the non-linear forms of kinetic equations should be primarily used to obtain the adsorption parameters. In addition, the Δq(%) method for error analysis may be better to determine the best-fitting model in this case.     

含对苯二甲酸有机废水厌氧降解动力学

含易降解有机物的对苯二甲酸（TA）有机废水在厌氧处理时,其中易降解有机质通过甲烷发酵被优先利用,其中间代谢物对对苯二甲酸的降解有抑制作用,同时,TA自身的降解也存在底物抑制现象本文建立了有易降解有机质存在时TA厌氧降解的抑制动力学模型方程并利用非残性回归,确定了模型参数实验数据对该动力学方程能较好地拟合在此基础上提出了两段厌氧处理新工艺。     

几种淡水鱼脑乙酰胆碱酯酶的动力学特性

以溴化硫代乙酰胆碱作为底物,测定了底物浓度、温度和pH值对麦穗鱼（_{Pseudorasbora parva}）、草金鱼（_{Carasiusauratus}）、尼罗罗非鱼（_{Tilapia nilotica}）、食蚊鱼（_{Gambusiaaffinis}）和虹鳟（_{Salmogairdneri}）等5种淡水鱼脑乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性的影响,并用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对脑AChE进行了分离。研究结果表明,除麦穗鱼和草金鱼外,其余各种鱼的脑AChE均有质的差异。因此,不宜通过AChE对一种抑制剂的敏感顺序,来推测对另一种抑制剂的敏感顺序。除AChE之外,鱼脑中还发现有其它类型的酯酶存在。它们在鱼脑中的生理学意义,特别是在决定抗性中所起的作用,还需做进一步研究。     

我国砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤环境容量研究

系统研究了砖红壤、赤红壤等土壤中重金属和矿物油对农作物、微生物、地表水和地下水的污染效应及重金属的形态特征。制订了砖红壤等四种土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、As和矿物油的土壤基准;在土壤环境中物流调查研究的基础上,以系境动力学理论为依据,建立了土壤容量数学模型,确定了砖红壤等四种土壤容量。提出了区域水质灌溉标准,污泥农用标准及污染物总量控制规则;建立的土壤容量计算机模拟实验系统SCME,可进行容量数值模拟和土壤污染预测等,为推广应用土壤基准和容量提供了重要工具。      

传感器布设中有效独立法的简捷快速算法

本文提出一个通过正交三角分解快速计算有效独立法系数的方法。有效独立法是传感器布设中影响最广泛的一种方法,它使目标模态尽可能线性独立。传统的有效独立法计算需要对信息阵进行特征值分解或者计算矩阵逆,计算量较大。本文在笔者以前得出的有效独立法与模态动能法关系的基础上,提出先通过对模态矩阵进行正交三角分解(QR),然后比较其行范数即可得到有效独立法的系数,进而对各待选传感器位置进行排序并迭代依次删除。在待选传感器位置比感兴趣的模态数较多时,该法的计算效率明显提高。同时,采用正交三角分解删除一行后的更新算法,进一步提高了迭代计算的效率。最后通过I-40桥的算例表明该法的有效性。