浅谈ANAMMOX反应的启动研究

厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）是一种新型的生物脱氮技术，在废水处理方面具有良好的应用前景。但由于厌氧氨氧化细菌生长缓慢，倍增时间长达11d，因此，厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动成为众多学者的研究对象。文中概述了近年来的学者们在研究厌氧氨氧化启动时，以选择不同反应器、接种不同污泥和采用不同方法，富集培养的过程及经验。同时通过分析启动过程中各种氮的变化情况，来进一步理解启动过程。     

羟胺对一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的原位恢复及运行稳定性的影响

一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化（CPNA）工艺的脱氮性能常因亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）大量增殖导致的NO₃^--N积累而恶化.本研究通过连续试验考察长期低剂量投加羟胺（NH₂OH）对CPNA工艺原位恢复及其长期运行稳定性的影响.结果表明,低剂量投加NH₂OH（1.5 mg·L^-1）可快速原位恢复CPNA工艺,TN去除率在45 d内从18.6%恢复至82.2%,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N比值从0.73±0.05下降至0.13±0.03;以相同方式在100 d内持续投加NH₂OH,CPNA工艺的TN去除率长期保持在82.2%±4.9%,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N比值可长期稳定在0.13±0.03.16S rRNA高通量测序结果表明,羟胺投加期间,脱氮功能菌群变化显著,Nitrospira的丰度从28.22%下降到2.74%,厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Kuenenia丰度从初始的3.43%明显增长到22.86%.低剂量投加羟胺可有效促进CPNA工艺的快速原位恢复,并保持其长期稳定运行.     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

接种不同普通活性污泥培养厌氧氨氧化污泥的研究

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器（ASBR）,分别以普通厌氧活性污泥、混合污泥、好氧活性污泥为种泥,通过对氨氮,NO2^--N等指标监测、分析及污泥颜色的观察,研究采用不同普通活性污泥为种泥启动ASBR的可行性及差异。结果表明．ASBR反应器A和B成功启动,C因反应器故障．启动失败。采用厌氧活性污泥为接种污泥（反应器A）,当进水N的容积负荷为kg／（m^3·d）时,氨氮平均去除率为14.4％。P（NO2^--N）：p（NH4^＋-N）变化量为1．24。采用混合污泥为接种污泥（反应器B）．N的容积负荷于前者相同时,氨氮去除率平均29．7％,p（NO2^--N）：p（NH4^＋-N）变化量为1．27。采用混合普通活性污泥作为种泥培养厌氧氨氧化污泥优于单一厌氧普通活性污泥。     

Correlation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification

The feasibility of the nitrous organic wastewater treated was studied in seven anaerobic sequencing batch reactors（ASBRs） （0^#-6^#） which had been run under stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）. By means of monitoring and data analysis of COD, NH4^#-N, NO2^--N, NO3^--N and pH, and of microbial test, the results revealed that the optimal Anammox performance was achieved from 2^# reactor in which COD/NH4^＋ -N was 1.65, Anammox bacteria and denitrification bacteria could coexist, and Anammox reaction and denitrification reaction could occur simultaneously in the reactors. The ratio of NH4^＋-N consumed ： NO2^- -N consumed ： NO3^- -N produced was 1：1.38：0.19 in 0^# reactor which was not added glucose in the wastewater. When different ratio of COD and NH4^＋-N was fed for the reactors, the ratio of NO2^- -N consumed： NH4^＋-N consumed was in the range of 1.51-2.29 and the ratio of NO;-N produced： NH4^＋ -N consumed in the range of 0 -0.05.     

In situ nitrogen removal processes in intertidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary

Estuarine and intertidal wetlands are important sites for nitrogen transformation and elimination. However, the factors controlling nitrogen removal processes remain largely uncertain in the highly dynamic environments. In this study, continuous-flow experiment combined with ¹⁵N isotope pairing technique was used to investigate in situ rates of denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and their coupling with nitrification in intertidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary. The measured rates varied from below the detection limit to 152.39 µmol N/(m²·hr) for denitrification and from below the detection limit to 43.06 µmol N/(m²·hr) for anammox. The coupling links of nitrogen removal processes with nitrification were mainly dependent on nitrate, organic carbon, sulfide, dissolved oxygen and ferric iron in the estuarine and intertidal wetlands. Additionally, it was estimated that the actual nitrogen removal processes annually removed approximately 5% of the terrigenous inorganic nitrogen discharged into the Yangtze Estuary. This study gives new insights into nitrogen transformation and fate in the estuarine and intertidal wetlands.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物研究进展

厌氧氨氧化技术是近年来发展起来的新型生物脱氯技术。在这一过程中主要作用细菌是厌氧氨氧化菌。目前越来越多的学者开始研究厌氧氨氧化菌,这对于厌氧氨氧化技术发展与推广具有重要的意义。文章从目前厌氧氨氧化菌研究进展的角度,综述了目前发现的厌氧氨氧化菌种类,结构和部分结构的功能。以期待对工艺控制有所帮助。     

SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化活性的氨氮抑制动力学研究

通过批试实验研究了氨氮浓度对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化性能的影响.SNAD生物膜反应器以生活污水为进水.进水NH₄⁺-N和COD浓度平均值分别为70mg/L和180mg/L,出水NH₄⁺-N,NO₂^--N,NO₃^--N和COD浓度平均值分别为2mg/L,2mg/L,7mg/L和50mg/L.SNAD生物膜具有良好的厌氧氨氧化活性.初始NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度都为70mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化批试NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N和TIN去除速率分别为0.121kg N/（kg VSS·d）,0.180kg N/（kg VSS·d）和0.267kg N/（kg VSS·d）.采用Haldane模型可以很好的拟合氨氮浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的影响.在高FA和低FA工况下氨氮浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的抑制动力学常数相差不大.M1（FA浓度为0.7~20.4mg/L）和M2（FA浓度为6.3~190.5mg/L）的最大NO₂^--N理论去除速率r_max分别为0.209kg N/（kg VSS·d）和0.221kg N/（kg VSS·d）,氨氮半饱和常数Ks分别为9.5mg/L和6.1mg/L,氨氮自身抑制常数K_I分别为422mg/L和597mg/L.氨氮（而不是游离氨）对SNAD生物膜的厌氧氨氧化活性起主要抑制作用.     

北运河沉积物中主要脱氮功能微生物的群落特征

应用分子生物学技术研究北运河沉积物中主要脱氮功能微生物,反硝化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌(Anammox)的群落特征,探讨了微生物群落的季节变化及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,沉积物中反硝化细菌和Anammox的丰度和群落组成随季节变化差异显著.从夏季到冬季,反硝化细菌丰度逐渐增加,Anammox的丰度却逐渐降低;反硝化细菌的多样性均显著的高于Anammox的多样性,反硝化细菌是北运河沉积物中主要的脱氮微生物.从夏季到冬季,沉积物中氮和TOC含量均逐渐升高,温度是决定脱氮微生物群落特征季节变化的关键因子,TN与反硝化细菌的群落丰度显著正相关,C/N与Anammox的丰度显著正相关;反硝化细菌的群落结构主要受到硝氮和pH的影响,pH也是影响Anammox物种时空分布的主要因子.系统发育分析表明,两种脱氮微生物的主要类群均具有较高的耐污性和良好的脱氮效率,反硝化细菌主要从属于Pseudomonas和Halomonas, Anammox物种发育多样性较低,主要为浮霉菌门的Candidatus Brocadia.     

Inhibition factors and Kinetic model for ammonium inhibition on the anammox process of the SNAD biofilm

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) activity of simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) biofilm with different substrate concentrations and pH values. Kaldnes rings taken from the SNAD biofilm reactor were incubated in batch tests to determine the anammox activity. Haldane model was applied to investigate the ammonium inhibition on anammox process. As for nitrite inhibition, the NH₄⁺-N removal rate of anammox process remained 87.4% of the maximum rate with the NO₂⁻-N concentration of 100 mg/L. Based on the results of Haldane model, no obvious difference in kinetic coefficients was observed under high or low free ammonia (FA) conditions, indicating that ammonium rather than FA was the true inhibitor for anammox process of SNAD biofilm. With the pH value of 7.0, the r_max, Ks and K_I of ammonium were 0.209 kg NO₂⁻-N/kg VSS/day, 9.5 mg/L and 422 mg/L, respectively. The suitable pH ranges for anammox process were 5.0 to 9.0. These results indicate that the SNAD biofilm performs excellent tolerance to adverse conditions.