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51.
52.
Sustainability or collapse: what can we learn from integrating the history of humans and the rest of nature? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Costanza R Graumlich L Steffen W Crumley C Dearing J Hibbard K Leemans R Redman C Schimel D 《Ambio》2007,36(7):522-527
Understanding the history of how humans have interacted with the rest of nature can help clarify the options for managing our increasingly interconnected global system. Simple, deterministic relationships between environmental stress and social change are inadequate. Extreme drought, for instance, triggered both social collapse and ingenious management of water through irrigation. Human responses to change, in turn, feed into climate and ecological systems, producing a complex web of multidirectional connections in time and space. Integrated records of the co-evolving human-environment system over millennia are needed to provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the present and for forecasting the future. This requires the major task of assembling and integrating regional and global historical, archaeological, and paleoenvironmental records. Humans cannot predict the future. But, if we can adequately understand the past, we can use that understanding to influence our decisions and to create a better, more sustainable and desirable future. 相似文献
53.
Research on biomarkers as early bioindicators of perturbation in populations and individuals has been gaining ground over the last decade. This ecotoxicological approach relies on the fact that changes occur at low levels of organization before the community is affected and thus they can be monitored to assess environmental safety. Changes may concern behavior, physiology, biochemistry, or genomic structure and functioning, and may impair population dynamics in the long-term.Ecotoxicity studies based on biomarkers allow us to measure the impact of environmental stressors and to easily follow the evolution of the systems towards degradation or restoration. Over and above their use as simple indices of exposure to specific pollutants, biomarkers can give an insight into ecosystem health.The results of our experience in field studies involving ecotoxicologists and ecologists will be presented in order to illustrate the relevance of such an integrating strategy for environmental quality assessment. 相似文献
54.
Lalonde C 《Disasters》2011,35(2):443-464
This paper presents a synthesis of the guiding principles in crisis management in accordance with the four configurational imperatives (strategy, structure, leadership and environment) defined by Miller (1987) and outlines interventions in organisational development (OD) that may contribute to their achievement. The aim is to build a conceptual framework at the intersection of these two fields that could help to strengthen the resilient capabilities of individuals, organisations and communities to face crises. This incursion into the field of OD--to generate more efficient configurations of practices in crisis management--seems particularly fruitful considering the system-wide application of OD, based on open-systems theory (Burke, 2008). Various interventions proposed by OD in terms of human processes, structural designs and human resource management, as well as strategy, may help leaders, members of organisations and civil society apply effectively, and in a more sustainable way, the crisis management guiding principles defined by researchers. 相似文献
55.
Linking molecular interactions to consequent effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) upon populations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is great concern about the potential adverse effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on wildlife. Threats come from toxic chemicals with long half lives in the environment that were released worldwide on a large scale in the past, at a time when little was known of their potential effects on the environment. Although the Stockholm Convention (2001) initially targeted 12 POP chemicals--organochlorinated compounds--for the reduction/elimination of releases, the problem can be extended to persistent toxic substances more generally. Therefore, identifying early biomarkers for possible toxic effects to populations in the long term is a challenge for ecotoxicologists. Regional decline in fish, bird and/or invertebrate populations resulting from exposure to POPs, such as DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), PCDD (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins), and TBT (tributyltin) could be related to some biochemical, endocrine and physiological effects in individuals. Examples of known mechanisms of POP ecotoxicity will be illustrated in the first part. The next parts will be devoted to (i) data gaps and limitations to extrapolation from lower to higher levels of biological organization, (ii) confusing factors in field studies and the combined effects of persistent toxic pollutants and (iii) recommendations for the design and interpretation of experimental studies. 相似文献
56.
Diagnostic indicators of elevated nitrogen deposition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pitcairn C Fowler D Leith I Sheppard L Tang S Sutton M Famulari D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(3):941-950
Tissue N content of mosses, which has been shown to be an indicator of enhanced N, was studied at a range of locations dominated either by wet or dry deposited and oxidised and reduced forms of N. Tissue N responded differently to wet and dry deposited N. For a 1 kg ha(-1) y(-1) increase in N deposition, tissue N increased by 0.01% at wet deposition sites but by 0.03% at sites dominated by dry deposited NH3. Tissue N at wet deposition sites responded more to concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in precipitation (r(2) 0.63) than to total N deposition (r(2) 0.27), concentration explaining 66% of the variation in tissue N, wet deposition 33%. The study clearly concludes that tissue N concentration in mosses provides a good indication of N deposition at sites where deposition is dominated by NH3, and is also valuable in identifying vegetation exposed to large concentrations of NH4+ or NO3-, in wet deposition dominated areas, such as hilltops and wind exposed woodland edges. 相似文献