秸秆添加对厨余垃圾堆肥时H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

厨余垃圾堆肥过程中NH3和H2S的排放不但降低了堆肥的养分含量,而且会引发严重的恶臭。以厨余垃圾为研究对象,以玉米秸秆为膨松剂,设置5%、10%、15%、20%(质量分数)4个添加比例(湿基)的堆肥处理,研究秸秆添加量对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H2S和NH3排放的影响。结果表明:从温度来看,仅T4处理未达到无害化和腐熟的要求。氧气不足是造成H2S排放的主要原因,4个堆肥处理的H2S主要集中在前2周排放,随着秸秆添加量的增加,H2S的排放量逐渐降低。与T1处理相比,T2、T3、T4的H2S累积排放量分别降低了35.5%、44.7%、64.2%。各处理NH3的排放趋势与H2S类似,高温期为NH3释放的关键时期,NH3累积释放量占总释放量的62.2%~72.2%,与T1处理相比,T2、T3和T4的NH3累积排放量分别降低了36.9%、45.2%、76.3%。由此可见,添加适量的玉米秸秆不但能促进厨余垃圾堆肥的进行,明显降低堆肥过程中H2S和NH3的排放,而且可以实现玉米秸秆的资源化利用。     

Interspecific and intraspecific identification of Dendrobium based on the psbAtrnH intergenic region sequences and the 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences北大核心CSCD

This research aimed to investigate the interspecific and intraspecific identification of Dendrobium by using the multi-locus method so as to provide a molecular basis for Dendrobium identification through the combination of chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic region sequences and ribosome 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences. PCR direct sequencing was applied to detect the chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic region sequences as well as the ribosome 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences of 12 Dendrobium species, while the psbA-trnH intergenic region sequences of Dendrobium denneanum dq-2 variety and dq- 5line were cloned and sequenced for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyzing. The sequences were analyzed by the software Sequencher4.14, Bioedit7.0, MEGA5.2 and Dansp5.0; the interspecific and intraspecific Kimara-2-Parameter(K2P) distances were also calculated. The phylogenetic tree (using Neighbor joining method) was constructed with Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Bletilla striata as outgroup. The results showed an average length of chloroplast psbA-trnH gene sequences in Dendrobium as 742.3 bp, with 72 variable sites, including 33 information sites; the average length of the ribosome 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences in Dendrobium was 336.4 bp, with 213 variable sites including 139 information sites. Using psbAtrnH intergenic region sequences in combination with ribosome 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences can not only identify D. denneanum, D. hancockil, D. thysiflorum, D. devonianum, D. moniliforme, D. chrysotoxum, D. officinale, D. heterocarpum and D. nobile, but also differentiate D. officinale from different geographical populations, and distinguish the dq-2 variety and dq 5line with SNP in the multi locus of D. denneanum.     

基于单片机的低成本硫化氢监测系统设计

设计了一款基于单片机AT89S52的低成本硫化氢监测报警系统,介绍了该系统的工作原理和设计方法。硫化氢气体浓度由电化学气体传感器ME4-H2S采集,电流信号经I/V转换后送单片机处理并通过LCD显示当前浓度,通过与设定标准浓度进行比较,继而判断是否发出报警。仿真测试表明,该系统结构简单,工作可靠,指示灯颜色显示三级不同警报,可以应用于高温沙漠、下水道、石油天然气钻井作业等恶劣气候、恶劣环境场合。     

2株降解菲的植物内生细菌筛选及其降解特性

为了获得具有菲降解特性的植物内生细菌,通过选择性富集培养,本研究从多环芳烃污染区植物体内分离得到2株能够降解液体培养基中高浓度菲(200 mg·L-1)的植物内生细菌(菌株P1和P3).经形态观察、生理生化特征鉴定和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,分别将菌株P1和P3鉴定为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas sp.)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)的细菌.菌株P1和P3均为好氧生长,28℃、150 r·min-1摇床培养7 d,2株菌对无机盐培养基中菲(100 mg·L-1)的降解率均高于90%.条件实验表明,温度20～30℃,pH 6.0～8.0,盐含量0%～4%,装液量10～30 mL(100 mL三角瓶)2菌株生长良好且对菲降解率高于70%.其最适生长和降解温度为30℃,pH为7.0,盐含量≤4%,装液量≤30 mL.综合比较2株菌对菲的降解特性,P1菌株高温耐受性稍强,而P3菌株对环境pH改变和缺氧的耐受性稍强.     

上海大气降水中细菌气溶胶的多样性研究

采用分子生物学技术16S rRNA克隆文库方法,以上海市2012年不同月份的大气降水样品为模板构建细菌16S rRNA克隆文库,对连续5个月的大气降水样品中细菌群落结构组成及多样性进行了研究,并对其群落结构的生物多样性、物种丰度及覆盖率等进行了分析比较.结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(α-,β-,γ-)是上海市降水样品中细菌的优势菌群(32.5%~94.1%),另外还包括拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)共7个主要门类的细菌,以及未定菌(TM7).多样性指数分析结果显示,不同月份降水样品的细菌群落结构组成与多样性均存在着差异性,夏季6月样品的细菌群落生物多样性及物种丰度明显高于其它样品,其次是秋季8月的样品.     

一种活性污泥总DNA提取方法的优化

对3种活性污泥DNA提取方法———传统蛋白酶K-SDS-氯仿异戊醇法(CPSCI法)、液氮研磨法和脱腐处理法进行了对比,并针对CPSCI法从污泥量、保温时间、裂解方式及沉淀时间等4个方面进行了优化。结果表明,优化的蛋白酶K-氯仿-异戊醇法(OPSCI法)采用污泥量0.10 g、37℃静置10 min,加SDS常温旋涡振荡及异丙醇直接离心等条件可获得长度在23.1 kb左右的DNA,OD260nm/OD280nm为1.86,稀释10倍后即可进行16S rDNA PCR。该方法重复性好,提取得率高,纯度好,操作简便,为常规实验室开展活性污泥微生物多样性研究提供了帮助。     

Appendix

Abstract

An atrazine‐degrading bacterial isolate (M91–3) was able to utilize simazine and cyanazine as N sources for glucose‐dependent growth. The degradation of these three 5‐triazine herbicides was also investigated in binary and ternary mixtures. The organism used atrazine and simazine indiscriminately, whereas cyanazine degradation was slow and delayed until the depletion of the two other herbicides. There was no apparent effect of other commonly used herbicides on the rate of atrazine degradation by M91–3.     

煤矿救援队伍业务管理系统研究

为了改善救援队伍业务管理模式,提高煤矿救援队伍的业务管理能力,利用救护队现有的计算机设备,以Windows Server 2003系统和北京龙软科技发展有限公司Longruan GIS 3.0为平台,以Visual C++6.0和SQL Server 2000为开发工具,采用多层次的Client/Server结构,在面向对象思想指导下设计与实现的煤矿救援队伍业务管理系统,文章介绍了业务管理系统的前台软件开发和后台数据库开发的设计思想和步骤。现场应用证明,该系统能够为煤矿救援队业务管理提供强有力的技术支持,有利于提高煤矿救援队管理人员的业务能力。     

Effects of temperature and fertilization on total vs. active bacterial communities exposed to crude and diesel oil pollution in NW Mediterranean Sea

The dynamics of total and active microbial communities were studied in seawater microcosms amended with crude or diesel oil at different temperatures (25, 10 and 4 °C) in the presence/absence of organic fertilization (Inipol EAP 22). Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbes were enumerated by fluorescence microscopy and Most Probable Number (MPN) method, respectively. Total (16S rDNA-based) vs. active (16S rRNA) bacterial community structure was monitored by Capillary-Electrophoresis Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (CE-SSCP) fingerprinting. Hydrocarbons were analyzed after 12 weeks of incubation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbial counts were highly influenced by fertilization while no important differences were observed between temperatures. Higher biodegradation levels were observed in fertilized microcosms. Temperature and fertilization induced changes in structure of total bacterial communities. However, fertilization showed a more important effect on active bacterial structure. The calculation of Simpson's diversity index showed similar trends among temperatures whereas fertilization reduced diversity index of both total and active bacterial communities.     

色谱质谱联用技术在一起农药污染事故应急监测中的应用

在一起污染源应急事故中,色谱质谱联用技术在确定污染源类型,并快速做出准确定性定量分析中发挥了重要作用。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术,首先确定可能污染物类型为三嗪类化合物;之后,通过液相色谱-串连质谱全扫描,推断可能为三嗪类除草剂——甲磺隆。正、负ESI子离子全扫描后图谱与甲磺隆标准物质图谱相对照,完全吻合。最后,通过SRM模式下对380.0→139.0的母、子离子选择反应监测,测定了农田灌溉水源和土壤中甲磺隆的含量。