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我国在用汽车排气污染物检测方法及应用进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
我国两项在用汽车排放标准于2005年发布以来,新规定检测方法的优点、技术特征为广大机动车环保工作者所关注。为对在用汽车检测技术有一较全面的认识,本文对各种检测方法的要点进行阐述,同时介绍一些国内城市检测工作的研究和进展。 相似文献
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福州市机动车污染及其控制对策 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
通过对福州市城区道路的车流量及车辆构成状况的调查,估算城市中心区域机动车排气CO、THC和NO2的污染物排放量,分析不同车型的机动车排气污染和贡献率,提出对机动车排气污染的控制对策措施。 相似文献
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美国资产证券化中的政府作用对我国的借鉴 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
美国政府在资产证券化创设过程中发挥了巨大的作用。为推动我国资产证券化的开展,我国政府可借鉴美国做法,采取修订法律、营造金融环境、设置政府机构等措施。 相似文献
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Introduction: Daylight saving time (DST), implemented as an energy saving policy, impacts many other aspects of life; one is road safety. Based on vehicle crash data in Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, this paper evaluates long- and short-term effects of DST on daily vehicle crashes. Method: To provide evidence to explain the causes of more/fewer crashes in DST, we examine the impact of DST on crashes in four periods of a day: 3 a.m.-9 a.m., 9 a.m.-3 p.m., 3 p.m.-9 p.m., 9 p.m.-midnight. The effects of risk and exposure to traffic are also separated. Our statistical models not only include weather conditions and dummy variables for days in DST as independent variables, but also consider traffic volumes on major roads in different periods of a day. Our major finding is that the short-term effect of DST on crashes on the morning of the first DST is not statistically significant. Moreover, it is interesting to notice that while DST per se is associated with fewer crashes during dusk, this is in part offset because it is also associated with more traffic on roads (and hence more crashes). Our path analysis shows that overall DST reduces crashes. Impact on industry: Daylight saving time can lead to fewer crashes on roads by providing better visibility for drivers. 相似文献
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Modeling vehicle emissions in different types of Chinese cities: importance of vehicle fleet and local features 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Huo H Zhang Q He K Yao Z Wang X Zheng B Streets DG Wang Q Ding Y 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2954-2960
We propose a method to simulate vehicle emissions in Chinese cities of different sizes and development stages. Twenty two cities are examined in this study. The target year is 2007. Among the cities, the vehicle emission factors were remarkably different (the highest is 50-90% higher than the lowest) owing to their distinct local features and vehicle technology levels, and the major contributors to total vehicle emissions were also different. A substantial increase in vehicle emissions is foreseeable unless stronger measures are implemented because the benefit of current policies can be quickly offset by the vehicle growth. Major efforts should be focused on all cities, especially developing cities where the requirements are lenient. This work aims a better understanding of vehicle emissions in all types of Chinese cities. The proposed method could benefit national emission inventory studies in improving accuracy and help in designing national and local policies for vehicle emission control. 相似文献
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Matthias Ketzel Gunnar Omstedt Christer Johansson Ingo Düring Mia Pohjola Dietmar Oettl Lars Gidhagen Peter Whlin Achim Lohmeyer Mervi Haakana Ruwim Berkowicz 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9370-9385
In order to carry out efficient traffic and air quality management, validated models and PM emission estimates are needed. This paper compares current available emission factor estimates for PM10 and PM2.5 from emission databases and different emission models, and validates these against eight high quality street pollution measurements in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria.The data sets show large variation of the PM concentration and emission factors with season and with location. Consistently at all roads the PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors are lower in the summer month than the rest of the year. For example, PM10 emission factors are in average 5–45% lower during the month 6–10 compared to the annual average.The range of observed total emission factors (including non-exhaust emissions) for the different sites during summer conditions are 80–130 mg km−1 for PM10, 30–60 mg km−1 for PM2.5 and 20–50 mg km−1 for the exhaust emissions.We present two different strategies regarding modelling of PM emissions: (1) For Nordic conditions with strong seasonal variations due to studded tyres and the use of sand/salt as anti-skid treatment a time varying emission model is needed. An empirical model accounting for these Nordic conditions was previously developed in Sweden. (2) For other roads with a less pronounced seasonal variation (e.g. in Denmark, Germany, Austria) methods using a constant emission factor maybe appropriate. Two models are presented here.Further, we apply the different emission models to data sets outside the original countries. For example, we apply the “Swedish” model for two streets without studded tyre usage and the “German” model for Nordic data sets. The “Swedish” empirical model performs best for streets with studded tyre use, but was not able to improve the correlation versus measurements in comparison to using constant emission factors for the Danish side. The “German” method performed well for the streets without clear seasonal variation and reproduces the summer conditions for streets with pronounced seasonal variation. However, the seasonal variation of PM emission factors can be important even for countries not using studded tyres, e.g. in areas with cold weather and snow events using sand and de-icing materials. Here a constant emission factor probably will under-estimate the 90-percentiles and therefore a time varying emission model need to be used or developed for such areas.All emission factor models consistently indicate that a large part (about 50–85% depending on the location) of the total PM10 emissions originates from non-exhaust emissions. This implies that reduction measures for the exhaust part of the vehicle emissions will only have a limited effect on ambient PM10 levels. 相似文献
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Rafael Fleischman Ran Amiel Jan Czerwinski Andreas Mayer Leonid Tartakovsky 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2018,30(5):273-286
Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter(DPF) is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12 months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%–1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23–560 nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency. 相似文献