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51.
Enrichment and fractionation of heavy metals in bed sediments of River Narmada, India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Narmada in Central India has been carried out to examine the enrichment
and partitioning of different metal species between five geochemical phases (exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, Fe/Mn
oxide fraction, organic fraction and residual fraction). The river receives toxic substances through a large number of tributaries
and drains flowing in the catchment of the river. The toxic substances of particular interest are heavy metals derived from
urban runoff as well as municipal sewage and industrial effluents. Heavy metals entering the river get adsorbed onto the suspended
sediments, which in due course of time settle down in the bottom of the river. In this study fractionation of metal ions has
been carried out with the objective to determine the eco-toxic potential of metal ions. Although, in most cases (except iron)
the average trace/heavy metal concentrations in sediments were higher than the standard shale values, the risk assessment
code as applied to the present study reveals that only about 1–3% of manganese, <1% of copper, 16–19% of nickel, 4–20% of
chromium, 1–4% of lead, 8–13% of cadmium and 1–3% of zinc exist in exchangeable fraction and therefore falls under low to
medium risk category. According to the Geo-accumulation Index (GAI), cadmium shows high accumulation in the river sediments,
rest of other metals are under unpolluted to moderately polluted class. 相似文献
52.
对“撞了白撞”问题的思考 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
在《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》公布前后有关“撞了白撞”被否决的宣传对交通安全不利。“撞了白撞”的演绎存在片面性 ,“撞了白撞”被否决的宣传不符合自然科学规律 ,存在理论上的误区。人们应该清楚的认识到 :获得交通事故损害赔偿并非获得了交通安全保障 ;行人、非机动车等交通“弱者”在一定条件下可转化为交通“强者”。对法律、法规的宣传 ,既要讲究法律原则和社会道德准则 ,也要讲究科学性。 相似文献
53.
Olen Paul Matthews 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(2):189-196
ABSTRACT: The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Model State Water Code provides suggested statutory language and commentary helpful in guiding western water law reform. Departing from the past preference for stream diversions and consumptive uses, the code is sensitive to the public's interest in maintaining environmental quality. The traditional doctrine protected inefficient uses and in some states hampered transfers. The model code addresses these issues as well as advocating integrated manage. meat and water resource planning. The debate on how to reform water law has already started, and the model code provides material useful in the reform process. Even with the current draft code, a few gaps exist for later resolution. 相似文献
54.
IntroductionThestudyofmodernsoilzoologyhasenteredintoastageofbiologicalproductivityandtherelationbetweenhumanandenvironment.P?.. 相似文献
55.
Inconsistency and comprehensiveness of risk assessments for heavy metals in urban surface sediments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Numerous indices have been developed to assess environmental risk of heavy metals in surface sediments, including the total content based geoaccumulation index (Igeo), exchangeable fraction based risk assessment code (RAC), and biological toxicity test based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). In this study, the three indices were applied to freshwater surface sediments from 10 sections along an urbanization gradient of the Grand Canal, China to assess the environmental risks of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr) and to understand discrepancies of risk assessment indices and urbanization effects regarding heavy metal contamination. Results showed that Cd, Zn, and Pb were the most enriched metals in urban sections assessed by Igeo and over 95% of the samples exceeded the Zn and Pb thresholds of the effect range low (ERL) of SQGs. According to RAC, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Cr had high risks of adversely affecting the water quality of the Grand Canal due to their remarkable portions of exchangeable fraction in surface sediment. However, Pb showed a relative low risk, and was largely bounded to Fe/Mn oxides in the urban surface sediments. Obviously, the three assessment indices were not consistent with each other in terms of predicting environmental risks attributed to heavy metals in the freshwater surface sediments of this study. It is recommended that risk assessment by SQGs should be revised according to availability and site specificity. However, the combination of the three indices gave us a comprehensive understanding of heavy metal risks in the urban surface sediments of the Grand Canal. 相似文献
56.
湖泊水动力模型外部输入条件不确定性和敏感性分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以我国典型的大型浅水湖泊太湖为研究区域,采用国内外常用的环境流体动力学模型(EFDC),结合拉丁超立方取样(LHS)方法,研究湖泊水动力模型中4个重要的外部输入条件,即3个边界输入条件(出入湖流量、风速、风向)和1个初始输入条件(初始水位),对模型水动力模拟结果(水位、水龄以及流场)的影响与贡献.结果表明,初始水位的设定对模拟全湖水位和水龄产生决定性影响,不确定性的贡献率分别达到85.73%和66.125%,对垂向平均流速影响的贡献率只有3%;风速对表面流速模拟结果影响较大,贡献率达到58.70%,而对水位和水龄的贡献率分别为5.25%和3.00%.在垂向上,各层流速受外部输入条件不确定性的影响规律相似,贡献率排序为风速(55%~60%)>风向(10%~15%)>初始水位≈出入湖流量(1%~5%).因此在模拟大型浅水湖泊水动力过程时,可以根据不同的输出目标能够有针对性地提高外部输入条件的准确度,为提高模型精确度提供有效信息. 相似文献
57.
地震灾情短信编码的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了充分发挥地震灾情短信的信息负载功能,更全面地获取震后灾情信息,在对现有地震灾情短信代码介绍和分析的基础上,探讨了基于地震灾情现象的短信代码的设计原则和方法。确定了采用线分类法对地震灾情现象进行分类分级,并制定了分类分级的判断标志,然后,根据分类分级结果采用层次编码方式进行了短信代码的编制,设计了应用于不同对象的专业人员代码和公众代码。最后,阐述了如何使用这些地震灾情短信代码进行灾情上报及其对于地震应急工作的意义。 相似文献
58.
This paper developed a risk-based modelling approach to enhance the execution process of shipping accident investigation (SAI). Specifically, the paper addressed a fuzzy extended fault tree analysis (FFTA) that combines the effects of organizational faults and shipboard technical system failures under a unique risk assessment scheme. The case study illustrates that a novel idea behind the proposed methodology allows relevant accident investigators to clarify the probability of technical failures, operational misapplications, and legislative shortages leading to the shipping accident. The current SAI reports can be extended with an integrated risk assessment section to formulate integrated strategies along with risk control measures onboard ships. Since the consequences of shipping accidents are still a global concern, the paper addresses integration of a FFTA into SAI reports to ensure a consistent database and subsequent decision aid to accident analysis and prevention efforts in the maritime transportation industry. 相似文献
59.
60.
城市湖泊表层沉积物中的重金属污染现状及其风险评价——以武汉墨水湖为例 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
水体沉积物中的重金属会对生态系统构成直接和间接的威胁.为了研究工业化、城市化过程中城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染现状及其暴露风险,以武汉市墨水湖为研究对象,测定了5种重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb及Cr在表层沉积物中的含量,分析了其污染程度、分布特征,并对其稳定度进行了分析.结果表明,墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重,在所有采样点5种重金属含量均高于最低效应阈值(LEL),多数采样点甚至超过了严重效应阈值(SEL).该湖泊沉积物中重金属分布具有比较明显的空间差异性:排污口区>湖中心水域>城区岸边带>林田岸边带;其稳定程度依次为:Zn < Cu < Ni < Pb < Cr,其中Zn交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例超过50%,稳定程度极低.而Pb、Cr稳定程度较高,其交换态及碳酸盐结合态比例小于10%.像墨水湖这样受纳高污染负荷市政污水、暴雨径流的城市湖泊,其潜在的重金属生物活性,必须引起足够的重视. 相似文献