五氯苯酚的生态毒性效应及其遗传毒性

为评价环境内分泌干扰物——五氯苯酚对土壤生态系统动植物的生态毒性效应,检测了五氯苯酚对8种作物种子的萌发和根伸长的抑制作用以及对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性作用;并运用小麦根尖细胞微核实验和赤子爱胜蚓体细胞核的彗星实验,检测了五氯苯酚的遗传毒性效应.结果表明,五氯苯酚在一定浓度范围内对作物种子的...     

Landfill Leachate Ecotoxicity Experiments using Lemna minor

The effects of varying concentrations of landfill leachate on the growth, frond area, chlorophyll content and fluorescence of four strains of Lemna minor were assessed. Growth fluorescence and frond chlorophyll content decreased after seven days exposure to leachate, although responses differed between the strains and end parameters. A L. minor bioassay was used to assess leachate toxicity and the effectiveness of a constructed wetland treatment system and pre-treatment aeration and settlement in reducing toxicity. Pre-treatments were found to significantly reduce toxicity, so their incorporation in any treatment system may increase pollutant stripping.     

纳米零价铁的生态毒性效应研究进展

纳米零价铁(n ZVI)由于其比表面积大、表面反应活性高以及强还原性,可以作为一种高效的环境修复材料,广泛运用于污染地下水及土壤修复。大量的n ZVI颗粒直接注射到污染位点会增加生态系统的暴露可能性,并且由于n ZVI粒径特别小,能穿过细胞膜和生物体的各类天然屏障,对环境及生态系统存在潜在风险,因此科学家们开始更多地关注n ZVI的生物安全性研究。鉴于n ZVI在环境修复应用中的巨大潜力和可能的毒性效应,对n ZVI环境风险的研究也显得尤为重要。综述了近几年国内外关于n ZVI生态毒性的研究成果,n ZVI对病毒、细菌、微生物群落、以及动植物等都能导致一定的负面效应,尽管其毒性机制尚不明确,但普遍认为n ZVI暴露后铁离子的释放和氧化损伤确实可以引起生物效应,部分研究还分析了环境因素和表面改性对其毒性的影响。文章对其未来的发展方向进行了展望,以期为今后纳米零价铁的研究提供参考。     

Environmental assessment of ester-based lubricants after application

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Lubricants based on renewable resources are an environmentally friendly alternative to petrochemical products due to their better ecotoxicological performance and their excellent biodegradability. To improve the technical performance of lubricants, and to reduce friction and wear, the use of additives is nowadays obligatory. The collaborative research center SFB 442 aims at developing environmentally acceptable lubricants that facilitate the avoidance of these additives by transferring their function to suitable coatings. For a complete assessment of the ecological performance of these newly developed lubricants, the whole life cycle including production, application as well as disposal and fate in the environment is studied. In the following study the focus was on the application and its influence on the environmental behavior of the lubricant. The application of lubricants leads, among other things, to the intake of metals due to abrasion from tools, work pieces or mechanical components. Previous examinations indicated a possible influence of metals on the toxicity of eluates prepared from used lubricants (Erlenkaemper et al. 2005). To clarify if the apparent toxicity of used lubricants solely results from the intake of metals, the extractability of these metals from the oil matrix is determined. By combining chemical analyses with bioassays, the bioavailability of metals that are present in the extract is estimated. To further investigate the relevance of metals on toxicity, toxic units (TU) were calculated and related to the results of the bioassays. Interactions between the metals were investigated with aqueous mixtures of metal chlorides and calculations based on the concept of concentration addition and independent action. METHODS: A lubricant mixture was applied to a tribological test bench that simulates real conditions of use and extremely short time load, respectively. Samples were taken at particular times, water soluble fractions (WSF) of these fluids were prepared and dilution series were investigated in several bioassays. Concentration of metals and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined in the eluates. TUs were calculated according to Sprague (1970) and mixture toxicity was calculated according to the concept of concentration addition (Loewe and Muischnek 1926) and independent action (Bliss 1939). RESULTS: Analyses of the metal content of the lubricant and the eluates clearly revealed the availability of the metals in the aqueous extracts. Especially copper, zinc, nickel and chromium were found and their concentrations increased during the time of use. The water extractable fraction, e.g., of copper, rose from 8.8% to 45.3% of the total content in the lubricant after 33.5 hours of use. Tests performed with the algal growth inhibition assay and the luminescence inhibition assay revealed the uptake or absorption by the organisms and, thus, the bioavailability of the metals. The calculation of TUs partly indicated a possible influence of the metals on ecotoxicity of the eluates. Copper reached concentrations equal to or higher than the EC50 value of copper chloride in the growth inhibition assays with algae and Ps. putida as well in the immobilization assay with daphnids. TUs for copper are also larger than 1 for the algal growth inhibition assay. The EL50 values indicated that the luminescence inhibition assay was the most sensitive test system, with values between 4.7% and 9.6%. While the toxicity towards algae and V. fischeri in the growth inhibition assay decreased until both organisms were no longer influenced by the exposure, the EL50 values for the D. magna immobilization assay and the Ps. putida growth inhibition assay decreased with the progressing use of the lubricant. The tested metal salt mixtures showed that Ps. putida, algae and daphnids are the most sensitive organisms with EC50 values below 1 mg/l. DISCUSSION: Although the intake of metals mainly occurred via abrasion of particles, the results revealed the availability of these metals in water. The availability varied for each of the four metals. For both the algal growth inhibition assay and the luminescence inhibition assay, an uptake or absorption of the metals could be demonstrated. The calculated TUs indicated an effect in some bioassays that was not verified in the test itself. The influence of copper on V. fischeri, for example, was not confirmed while the EL50 values for the daphnid bioassay decreased, meaning that the eluates became more toxic with progressing use of the lubricant. The calculations of mixture toxicity based on the concept of concentration addition demonstrated good correlations with the tested metal mixtures, but also a different sensitivity of the organisms. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here reveal the availability of those metals in water that were taken in during the use of the lubricant in a tribological test bench and, thus, have the possibility of interacting with the organisms. The availability of the metals in the bioassays was proven by chemical analyses. The calculation of TUs and the corresponding EL50 values, however, indicate different availabilities of the metals. The results of the metal salt mixtures show good correlations with calculations of mixture toxicity based on concentration addition. Moreover, the varying sensitivity of the organisms when exposed to eluates or metal mixtures indicates a different bioavailability of the metals and/or the presence of other compounds that exert toxic action. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: For further investigations, the organic oil matrix and its influence on the toxicity have to be taken into account. The toxicity of the eluates may not only be due to metals; additional effects could arise from changes in the lubricant itself.     

纳米颗粒在水环境中的团聚行为和毒性效应研究

随着纳米技术的快速发展,纳米颗粒以其特殊的物理化学性质在生产及生活的各个领域中被广泛使用。纳米颗粒具有较高的表面活性,会与环境中的物质发生相互作用造成表面结构的改变,从而对环境产生诸多影响。因此,纳米颗粒带来的健康风险及可能造成的环境危害,逐渐受到人们的关注。通过概述纳米颗粒的来源及性质,列举了几类应用较广的纳米颗粒的最新研究进展,总结了纳米颗粒在水环境中团聚的影响因素包括内部因素和外部环境因素,归纳了毒性效应及其检测技术,并探讨了纳米颗粒环境行为和毒性效应研究存在的问题。     

石油污染土壤微生物修复过程中植物毒性变化规律

植物幼苗生长发育和叶片的生化指标能综合反映土壤石油污染的程度及其生态毒性的强弱.为探究植物对石油污染土壤生态毒性的指示效果和污染土壤在生物修复过程中毒性的变化规律,本研究采用3株对石油烃具有良好降解效果的降解菌构建混合菌体系,开展石油污染土壤模拟微生物修复实验.文章考察了5种典型植物指示不同修复时期土壤生态毒性强弱的可行性与敏感性,并进一步从生态学角度揭示修复过程中石油污染土壤生态毒性的变化规律.结果表明,小麦和萝卜相对于莴苣、黑麦草和小青菜而言,更适宜作为石油污染土壤的指示生物.石油污染土壤的生态毒性随着微生物修复过程的进行呈先上升后下降的趋势,石油污染土壤生态毒性在修复的第8 d达到最大.不同的供试植物对石油污染的响应存在一定的差异.小麦和萝卜的生长发育指标能较为敏感地指示石油污染土壤在微生物修复过程中的生态毒性,可作为石油污染土壤微生物修复效果的指示生物.     

土壤镉暴露对玉米和大豆的生态毒性评估

以中国东北黑土为培养基,通过室内急性毒性实验,采用Trimmed Spearman-Karber方法计算EC50值(半抑制浓度),并分析作物的生物累积系数(BAF),定量化评估了土壤中镉对玉米和大豆的生态毒性及生物有效性.测量终点为种子发芽率、根长和幼茎长.结果表明,土壤镉暴露给农作物带来一定的负生长效应.种子发芽率不是评估土壤镉生态毒性的敏感因子,根生长是敏感的毒性测量终点.镉在植株体内的累积及迁移与作物种类和土壤镉浓度有关.玉米植株体内累积了较大量的镉,而大豆植株体内镉由根向幼茎的迁移较为显著.     

表面活性剂的生态毒理学及其应用研究进展

绝大多数表面活性剂如LAS、AS和AE易被分解,对环境和生物没构成严重的威胁;但部分表面活性剂的降解产物如NP具有潜在的危害,不容忽视。此外,表面活性剂具有增溶和增流作用,能促进疏水性有机污染物的去除,可应用于修复环境污染。     

二氯甲烷和二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻的毒性影响研究

研究了二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长和生化指标的毒性效应.结果表明,二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻生长有影响.随着2种毒物浓度的增大,其对藻生长的抑制越明显,藻细胞密度均呈现下降的趋势.二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的96 h-EC50分别为550.1 mg/L和276.0 mg/L,1,2-二氯乙烷的毒性要稍强于二氯甲烷.2种毒物联合作用时基本表现为拮抗作用.叶绿素a含量随毒物浓度增加而迅速下降,SOD和CAT的活性随毒物浓度升高呈现先升高后下降的"钟形曲线".MDA的含量随毒物浓度升高而急剧上升,膜脂过氧化加剧.表明毒物通过产生活性氧自由基引起生物大分子的氧化损伤可能是其对蛋白核小球藻产生毒性效应的主要原因.     

Biodegradation and ecotoxicological assessment of pectin production wastewater

The chemical composition of pectin production wastewater and its toxicity during biological treatment were investigated. Samples of wastewater from di erent steps of a pectin production wastewater biological treatment plant were investigated including the influent of the treatment (1), after denitrification tank (2), after anaerobic treatment (3) and final e uent (4). The conventional physicochemical characteristics of samples did not indicate wastewater toxicity. However, toxicity assessments carried out on Vibrio fischeri and Scenedesmus subspicatus indicated low EC50 values. The fractionation of the samples using an XAD resin showed that the toxicity was associated with the organic matter. Wastewater apparent molecular mass distributions were 14.3, 25.0, 24.4 and 29.6 kDa for samples 1–4, respectively. Finally, characteristics of the sample by pyrolisis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-CG-MS) demonstrated its polyphenolic nature and a 23% increase in the levels of such compounds after the first biological treatment step.