低剂量杀虫剂对昆虫的兴奋性效应(Insecticides-Induced Hormesis on Insects)

传统的杀虫剂毒理学应用线性非阈值模型评价杀虫剂的毒力及风险,但是没有考虑到低剂量杀虫剂所产生的毒物兴奋效应(Hormesis).杀虫剂对昆虫的低剂量兴奋效应主要表现在对昆虫的发育历期、体重和生殖力以及毒力等方面所产生的影响.在概述毒物低剂量兴奋效应理论及研究方法的基础上,重点介绍了杀虫剂对昆虫的低剂量兴奋性效应研究进展及其与杀虫剂亚致死剂量效应的区别,最后讨论了杀虫剂的兴奋效应对农业害虫防治所带来的影响.     

快速城市化区域表层土壤中杀虫剂的空间分布及风险评估

为探讨快速城市化区域杀虫剂的分布特征,19种被忽视的杀虫剂,即苯基吡唑类(氟虫腈)、氯丹、硫丹、九氯、六氯苯、七氯、狄氏剂、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、甲氧滴滴涕及其代谢产物被用来分析在珠江三角洲(珠三角)及其周边区域229个土壤样品中的浓度水平和空间分布.结果表明,高浓度的杀虫剂主要集中在珠三角中心地区,而低浓度的杀虫剂则分布在珠三角周边区域,这个分布模式与国民生产总值和人口密度的分布相似,表明社会经济因素对杀虫剂的分布有一定的影响.此外,在城市化发展进程中,土地使用类型的转变也可能会导致原城镇农耕地变成现城市居民区,从而使得禁用农药在珠三角中心区域浓度高.来源分析表明在珠三角及其周边区域土壤存在工业氯丹的新输入源.氟虫腈由于半衰期比较短,在很大部分的土壤样品中转化成了氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈硫醚.对土壤中19种杀虫剂进行人体风险评估发现,6个在高人口密度区域收集的样品对人体有潜在的致癌或非致癌风险.因此这些被忽视的杀虫剂在将来环境研究中需要引起关注.     

Effects of two organophosphorus insecticides on some biochemical constituents in the nervous system and liver of rabbits

Abstract

Male Baladi rabbits were acutely and sub‐chronically intoxicated with cyanofenphos and profenophos. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, B‐lipoproteins and total proteins were determined in the serum, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rabbits. Moreover, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase were determined in the liver of the animals. The whole Studie revealed that the biochemical constituents were highly affected by the tested insecticides. Also, the liver function suffered from adverse effects of the tested insecticides.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of four essential oils on the egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis

The essential oils from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira, Aloysia citriodora, Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris have showed potential as phytoinsecticides against the green stink bug, Nezara viridula. In this work were evaluated their toxicological and behavioral effects on the parasitoid Trissolcus basalis, a biological control agent of this pest insect. Essential oils were obtained via hydrodestillation from fresh leaves. Insecticide activity in T. basalis females was evaluated in direct contact and fumigation bioassays. Behavioral effects were evaluated in olfactometer bioassays. To evaluate the residual toxicity, females of the parasitoids were exposed to oil residues; in these insects, the sublethal effects were evaluated (potential parasitism and survivorship of immature stages). The essential oils from O. vulgare and T. vulgaris proved to be highly selective when used as fumigant and did not change parasitoid behavior. After one week, the residues of these oils were harmless and did not show sublethal effects against T. basalis. According with these results, essential oils have potential applications for the integrated management of N. viridula.     

Organophosphorus insecticide residues in farm ditches of the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia

Abstract

Farm ditches flowing into three important rivers in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada, were sampled periodically at seven locations from July to December in 1991, to determine the occurrence and levels of seven organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. Based oh sales records for the year, the uses of OP insecticides in this area were as follows: malathion > diazinon > parathion > dimethoate > azinphos‐methyl > fensulfothion, but no sales of chlorfenvinphos. Residues of parathion, diazinon, fensulfothion, dimethoate and chlorfenvinphos were detected at levels ranging from 1 ‐ 7,785 >μg/kg in cropped soils collected from areas adjacent to the sites for sampling ditch water and sediments. Malathion and azinphos‐methyl were not detected in any of the substrates studied, demonstrating their rapid degradation in the environment. Diazinon and dimethoate were consistently found in ditch water at seven locations, with an average concentration of 0.07 μg/L and 0.27 μg/L, respectively. Fensulfothion and parathion, with an average concentration of 0.08 μg/L and 0.17 μg/L, respectively, were sporadically found in ditch water at two locations. In ditch sediments, diazinon was detected at three locations and fensulfothion at two. The average concentrations of these two insecticides were 16 μg/kg and 9 jug/kg, respectively. The potential impact on aquatic organisms of these OP insecticides in ditches is discussed.     

Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea

In the present study, bioaccumulation potential of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and permethrin, was measured using a Lumbriculus variegatus sediment bioaccumulation test. Two sediments differing in their physical characteristics and two different aging periods were tested. Desorption rates measured by Tenax extraction suggested that pyrethroids were bioavailable to L. variegatus, however bioavailability varied among chemicals, sediments and aging time, and was greater for permethrin than bifenthrin. The relatively low biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values resulted from the extensive biotransformation of pyrethroids by L. variegatus. Biotransformation capacity of L. variegatus to permethrin was further studied with a water-only exposure, and the percentage parent compound dropped to 36.0% after 14 d. These results indicated sediment-associated pyrethroids were bioavailable to L. variegatus, however bioaccumulation was limited because L. variegatus was capable of biotransforming the pyrethroids.     

我国微生物农药的应用现状

对微生物农药的概念、种类及其作用机理进行了综述，其中重点介绍了微生物农药的分类，同时对我国目前使用的几类微生物农药的研究应用状况进行了阐述，并提出微生物农药现存的问题及其解决方案，指出微生物农药的发展前景是乐观的。     

超高效液相/串联质谱法测定水中苯甲酰脲类农药残留

建立了固相萃取(SPE)-超高效液相色谱/大气压化学电离源/三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定水中7种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂残留的方法。过滤后的样品经HLB固相萃取柱富集净化后,目标化合物经10 mL二氯甲烷洗脱并浓缩,1 mL甲醇定容后,采用BEH C18柱,以水(5 mmol/L乙酸铵)-乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用串联质谱作为检测器进行检测。7种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂在相关线性范围内线性良好(r=0.999 1～0.999 5),回收率为71.8%～114%,相对标准偏差为3.3%～18.8%,方法检出限为7.0～16.0 ng/L。该方法快速,灵敏度高,适用于测定水体中7种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂的残留。     

有机磷农药对不同生物来源的胆碱酯酶选择性抑制的研究

用酶电极法研究了有机磷农药对３种不同生物来源的乙酰胆碱酯酶的选择性抑制,发现敌敌畏对家蝇的ＡｃｈＥ抑制最强,电鳐次之,鸡肝阳弱,同时研究了５种农药对电鳐ＡｃｈＥ的选择性抑制能力,发现９．８×１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的辛硫磷即可抑制其活性的１０％。     

降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的缺陷假单胞菌的分离、鉴定及降解特性研究

采用室内培养试验的方法,从拟除虫菊酯类农药生产车间下水道驯化污泥中分离、筛选出1株可同时降解联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的高效菌株MSRl4,经鉴定为缺陷假单胞菌(pseudomonas diminuta),并对其生理特性进行研究.结果表明,该菌为革兰氏阴性好氧型球形杆菌,大小为(O.3-0.7)μm,能够以3种菊酯为唯一碳源进行生长.在通气、pH 6.0-7.0、温度30℃、接菌量(OD415nm=0.2)和转速180 r·min-1的环境条件下,对含联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯各100 mg·L-1的混合培养基培养3d,发现该菌对这3种菊酯的降解效果最好,降解率分别为43.78%、43.91%和43.75%,且降解过程满足一级动力学方程模型,降解半衰期(t1/2)分别为97.6、106.6和101.9h.3种菊酯农药降解率与接菌量、通气量和振荡速率呈正相关.