IMPACT OF SURFACE COAL MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS –PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted over a six-year period in East-Central Ohio to determine the effects of surface mining and reclamation on physical watershed conditions and on ground-water hydrology in three ground-water zones in three small experimental watersheds. Mining disturbances in watersheds adjacent to the experimental sites affected ground-water levels in the undisturbed experimental watersheds prior to actual mining in the experimental sites. New subsurface flow paths, with different characteristics, formed during mining and reclamation. At all three sites mining dewatered the saturated zone above the underclay of the mined coal seam. Mining and reclamation affected ground-water levels below the mined coal seam in the middle and lower zones within at least two sites. Ground-water level recovery in the mined upper saturated zone was slow and irregular both temporally and spatially after reclamation. Hydraulic conductivities of postmining (Phase 3) spoil were generally greater than those of Phase 1 bedrock, but wide spatial variability was observed. Modelers need to be aware of the complexities of new flow paths and physical characteristics of subsurface flow media that are introduced by mining and reclamation, including destruction of the upper-zone clay.     

MULTIPLICATIVE,SEASONAL ARIMA MODELS FOR LAKE ERIE AND LAKE ONTARIO WATER LEVELS1

ABSTRACT: Federal agencies in the U.S. and Canada continuously examine methods to improve understanding and forecasting of Great Lakes water level dynamics in an effort to reduce the negative impacts of fluctuating levels incurred by interests using the lakes. The short term, seasonal and long term water level dynamics of lakes Erie and Ontario are discussed. Multiplicative, seasonal ARIMA models are developed for lakes Erie and Ontario using standardized, monthly mean level data for the period 1900 to 1986. The most appropriate model identified for each lake had the general form: (1 0 1)(0 1 1)₁₂. The data for each lake were subdivided by time periods (1900 to 1942;1 943 to 1986) and the model coefficients estimated for the subdivided data were similar, indicating general model stability for the entire period of record. The models estimated for the full data sets were used to forecast levels 1,2,3, and 6 months ahead for a period of high levels (1984 to 1986). The average absolute forecast error for Lake Erie was 0.049m, 0.076m, 0.091 m and 0.128m for the 1, 2,3, and 6 month forecasts, respectively. The average absolute forecast error for Lake Ontario was 0.058m, 0.095m, 0.120m and 0.136m for the 1,2,3, and 6 month forecasts, respectively. The ARIMA models provide additional information on water level time series structure and dynamics. The models also could be coordinated with current forecasting methods, possibly improving forecasting accuracy.     

Potential coastal impacts of contemporary changing climate on South Asian seas states

The threat of man-induced global change on the nations of the South Asian seas region varies from place to place because of differences in exposure to monsoons and stoms, differences in local tectonics and subsidence, and variations in air and sea climates. Because several nations are involved, some having subsistence budgets, and given the cost of deriving independently a comprehensive response to global change, the similarities and differences between national settings must be identified soon. These comparisons will form the basis for local response strategies: the similarities provide a basis for responses similar to that of other nations and the differences provide for local adaptation. That climate change on the South Asian coastal region will have an impact is certain: its economics, environment, and coastal land uses are dominated to a certain extent by this marine influence. The extent of these impacts, however, is uncertain. Accompanying global change will be changes in sea level, differences in storm climate, and altered precipitation patterns; science cannot define today what pattern these changes will take. Because global change is inevitable—although its magnitude, timing, and geographic distribution are unknown—the South Asian seas region should begin the appropriate research and planning studies to set forth a reasoned response to global change, for implementation when scientific evidence for global change is more quantitative.     

噪声源声功率级的半消声室测量方法研究

噪声源声功率级半消声室测量方法已有相应的测量标准，但近年来的研究表明，它是不完善的。本文在半消声室纯音声场研究基础上，探讨了声波干涉对声功率级测量的影响。介绍了利用宽频标准噪声源进行的半消声室与消声室以及声源高度变化时的对比测量。研究结论对于完善测量标准，指导实际测量工作有一定意义。     

Lead levels in Chromolaena odorata (Compositae) along rural and urban roads in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｈｒｏｍｏｌａｅｎａｏｄｏｒａｔａ（Ｅｕｐａｔｏｒｉｕｍｏｄｏｒａｔｕｍ），ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｃａｌｌｅｄ“ｓｉａｍｗｅｅｄ”ｗａｓｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｉｎｔｏＮｉｇｅｒｉａａｂｏｕｔ３０ｙｅａｒｓａｇｏ．Ｉｔｉｓａｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｓｃｅｎｔｅｄ，ｄｉｆｆｕｓｅ，ａｎｄｒａｐｉｄｌｙｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｈｅｒｂｔｈａｔｃａｎａｔｔａｉｎａｈｅｉｇｈｔｏｆ３－０ｍｅｔｅｒｓｏｒｍｏｒｅ．Ｉｔｉｓｌｏｃａｌｌｙｃａｌｌｅｄ“ｏｗｏｔｏｗｏ”ｂｅｃａｕｓｅａｔｉｔｓｄｅｂｕｔｉｔｗａ…     

膜生物反应器高度净化有机物的特性

分别采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和普通生物反应器(CSTR)对苯胺废水进行处理，结果表明MBR处理效果优于CSTR，处理水苯胺浓度接近动力学极限浓度。测定了两种反应器中微生物的最大比基质利用速率qmax分别为2．084d^-1和1．650d^-1，亲和常数Ks值分别为0．237mg／L和0．309mg／L。间歇试验证明MBR能富集培养基质亲和性高的专一性微生物。这类微生物降解速率不随基质浓度而变化，且能更彻底地降解有机物，适用于微量有机物的高度净化。     

有机氯农药在南京市郊蔬菜中的生物富集与质量安全

用气相色谱．电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定南京市郊蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留．结果表明，12种有机氯农药在所有的供试蔬菜中均有检出，DDT和HCH在各蔬菜中的含量较高，分别占有机氯农药总残留量的49．5％～75．0％和13．9％～28．2％．Wα-HCH／Wγ-HCH和WDDE／WDDT的比值在各蔬菜体内均小于或等于1，说明这些蔬菜生长的环境中可能有新的有机氯污染物的输入．各种蔬菜对有机氯农药总量的富集因子为0．41～0．78．富集能力最大的为胡萝卜，蒜苗和菠菜．HCH类农药在各种蔬菜体内的生物富集因子(0．70～1．10)要高于DDT类(0．28～0．80)．胡萝卜对HCH和DDT等有机氯农药的富集能力较强，而莴苣、蒜苗和菠菜对六氯苯、狄氏剂，异狄氏剂和硫丹有较高的生物富集能力．虽然各种蔬菜体内有机氯农药的残留量低于国家最大残留限量，但其检出率仍为100％，仍然对农产品质量安全和人类健康造成潜在的威胁．关键词：有机氯农药；蔬菜；残留量；生物富集；人类健康     

储罐液位灾害及其关键液位确定方法研究

储罐关键液位的确定在储罐液位灾害防护系统中起着至关重要的作用,是构建储罐液位灾害防护系统的重要步骤之一。现阶段的储罐灾害分析均偏向于高液位灾害分析,且国内外有关储罐液位的条例规范也较为模糊笼统,仅给出了关键高液位的计算公式与储罐低液位的概念和粗略定值。因此在给出确定响应时间方法的同时,参照API-STD-2350—2012中给出的储罐关键高液位计算公式,结合我国生产实践中储罐运行的实际情况与储罐低液位灾害的具体情况,对原有的3个储罐关键高液位计算公式进行修正,并在其基础上定义了储罐高液位联锁触发液位,给出了该液位与储罐关键低液位的计算公式。     

黄土区侵蚀坡面土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究

为研究不同有机碳水平下坡面土壤侵蚀对微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以黄土区典型侵蚀坡面为对象,通过Biolog-Eco方法测定了高、低2个有机碳水平坡面沉积区、侵蚀区和对照区3个不同部位的土壤微生物活性、碳源利用能力和微生物群落功能多样性.结果表明：1）高碳水平下3个部位的微生物活性和碳源利用能力均显著高于低碳水平;2）在不同侵蚀部位上,沉积区微生物活性高于侵蚀区,在低碳水平下,沉积区微生物碳源利用能力显著大于侵蚀区（P<0.05）,但在高碳水平下沉积区与侵蚀区无显著差异;3）在6类碳源中,微生物对氨基酸类、酯类的利用率最高,对醇类、胺类的利用率较低,从31种碳源中提取的主成分1和主成分2分别可解释变量方差的53.8%和11.9%,对主成分1起分异作用的主要是氨基酸类和酯类碳源;对主成分2起分异作用的主要为糖类和酸类碳源.4）高碳水平下3个部位微生物群落的Shannon指数、丰富度指数和McIntosh指数均显著大于低碳水平（P<0.05）,但不同部位间的土壤微生物群落多样性指数并无明显差异.侵蚀对微生物群落功能多样性的影响主要表现在有机碳水平决定的微生物活性差别上,不同部位微生物的碳源利用能力在有机碳水平较低时差异显著,有机碳水平较高时则没有明显差别.     

嘉兴市冬季不同空气质量等级下大气污染物的分布特征

为研究浙江省嘉兴市冬季PM、污染气体和含碳气溶胶在不同空气质量等级下的分布特征,于2013年11月28日—12月28日使用SHARP测尘仪、热电EMS系统和Sunset在线OCEC分析仪观测了PM（PM₁₀和PM_2.5）、污染气体（SO₂、NO₂、CO和O₃）和含碳气溶胶〔OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）和TC（总碳）〕的质量浓度,结合气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,分析了霾污染过程中大气污染物浓度变化、日变化及其来源特征.结果表明:嘉兴市冬季霾天ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（O₃）、ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）、ρ（POC）和ρ（SOC）分别为167.90、248.86、77.79、、97.16、28.50、27.09、7.72、7.50和19.59 μg/m3,ρ（CO）为1.47 mg/m3,分别是空气质量为良时的3.00、2.50、1.29、1.84、0.86、2.59、2.19、2.13、2.82和1.50倍.降雨对不同大气污染物的清除作用不同,对粗粒子的清除作用较大,而对二次产物O₃的影响较小.高ρ（PM）是造成能见度降低的主要原因,随着污染程度的加剧,PM中细粒子占比越来越高,在严重污染过程中ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）可达70.31%,比空气质量为良时高14.04%;不同污染气体的日变化不同,OC和EC的来源逐渐趋于一致,ρ（SOC）呈现出积累-爆发-积累-爆发的往复过程,边界层的日变化对污染物浓度的影响逐渐减弱.研究显示,随着霾污染的加剧,SOC气溶胶占比逐渐增加、EC和POC等一次碳气溶胶占比逐渐降低.