全氟辛酸和全氟辛基磺酸的光降解技术及机理研究进展

目前,普遍存在于各种环境介质中的全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)造成的环境污染问题已引起全球的广泛关注.PFOA和PFOS具有稳定性、持久性和生物累积性等特点.常规的方法如:超声降解法、电化学氧化法和微生物降解法等,很难将其彻底降解,因此开发有效的PFOA和PFOS降解技术成为了环境领域的研究重点.近年来...     

染料废水在旋转式光催化反应器中的降解研究

采用旋转式光催化反应器处理染料废水,探讨染料ｐＨ值,液层厚度,反应器转速,光照时间对脱色效率的影响．结果表明,对所试染料品种,ｐＨ６为最佳值,２０ｍｉｎ为最佳反应时间．液层厚度和反应器旋转速度对半导体光催化氧化反应有一定影响．在优化条件下采用悬浮态ＴｉＯ２时,偶氮染料的脱色率为９８％,采用ＴｉＯ２器壁固定时为７８．５％～９１．５％     

几种难降解有机废水的光化学处理研究

采用日光和中压汞灯为光源,分别在充空气、加入Ｈ２Ｏ２或ＴｉＯ２等半导体催化剂条件下,对几种难降解的有机废水进行了光化学处理研究。结果表明：石化和焦化废水中挥发酚,油和ＣＯＤ的去除率分别为８６．３％－１００％,３９．８％－９７．８％,２６．４％－６０％,几种偶氮染料水溶液的脱色率、ＣＯＤ去除率分别为８０．０％－１００％,４８．０％－７５．０％,还测定了苯酚的降解产物,讨论了影响光解的要素和苯酚的降解     

夏季闽江CDOM的空间分布与降解特征

利用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析技术(EEMs-PARAFAC)以及微生物和光降解实验等方法,分析夏季闽江下游-河口区有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的组成、分布及其降解特征.结果表明,闽江下游-河口区CDOM存在三类荧光组分:类腐殖质、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸;类腐殖质是河段CDOM的主要荧光组分,在河口区随着盐度增加主要的荧光组分逐渐变为类蛋白质.CDOM的丰度变化呈现出明显的空间分布格局:河段CDOM的吸收系数a(280)较低,进入市区后有所增加,到了郊区呈现下降的趋势,而在河口区迅速下降;保守估计福州市区对闽江CDOM的贡献为8%.河段a(280)易被微生物降解和光降解,降解率分别为(28±8)%和(44±7)%,其生物可利用性和光化学活性远高于受海源CDOM影响的河口区;类腐殖质、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光组分在河段具有较高的光化学活性,降解率分别为(75±0.5)%、(58±21)%和(73±3)%,但不易被微生物降解,而且在28 d微生物培养后出现类腐殖质的累积.     

Photodegradation mechanism of two dyes: the influence of adsorption behavior on the novel TiO2 particles

The relationship between adsorption behavior and photocatalytic mechanism of the two dyes was investigated. Adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption of cationic pink FG was Langmuir type behavior, while the reactive brilliant red k-2G was Freundlich type behavior. The increasing pH favored the adsorption of FG but have little effect on the photodegradation. The increasing pH favored the adsorption and the photodegradation of k-2G. The presence of scavenger of hvb^ and OH. radical potassium iodide inhibited the degradation of k-2G, free radicals scavenger tetranitromethane inhibited the photodegradation of FG. These results indicated that the photodegradation of FG mainly via free radicals in solution, and the photodegradation of k-2G was mainly on the catalysts surface or near the interface of solid and solution by react with hvb^ and surface-bound OH.. The different effect of SO4^2- , HCO3^- on the adsorption and photodegradation of two dyes confirmed these results.     

Calculation method of quantum efficiency to TiO2 nanocrystal photocatalysis reaction

The quantum yield is an important factor to evaluate the efficiency of photoreactor.This article vires an overall calculation method of the quantum efficiency(Φ) and the apparent quantum efficiency(Φa) to the TiO2/UV photocatalysis system.Furthermore,for the immobility system(IS),the formulation of the faction of light absorbed by the TiO2 thin film is proposed so as to calculate the quantum efficiency by using the measured value and theoretic calculated value of transmissivity(T).For the suspension system(SS),due to the difficulty to obtain the adsorption coefficient(α) of TiO2 particulates,the quantum efficiency is calculated by means of the relative photonic efficiency(ζr)and the standard quantum yield(Φstandard).     

土壤有机质和活性铁组分对γ--666光解动力学的影响研究

研究了γ 6 6 6在有机碳含量分别为 <0 0 8% ,0 40 %± 0 0 6 %和 1 0 0 %± 0 2 8%而铁含量依次增加的三组土样中的光解动力学 ,γ 6 6 6的光解符合准一级动力学方程 .当土样中的铁含量相对不变时 ,γ 6 6 6的光降解动力学常数与有机质含量成负相关 ;而当土样中的有机碳含量相对不变时 ,光解动力学常数与铁含量成线性正相关 .为进一步验证土壤有机质对γ 6 6 6的光解的作用 ,采用土壤化学逐级分离法将一土样中的碳酸钙和有机质逐一去除而得到一级和二级土样 ,发现γ 6 6 6在这两级土样中的光解动力学常数依次为 0 0 12 9h-1和 0 0 2 31h-1,再次证明土壤有机质对γ 6 6 6的光解有明显抑制作用     

紫外光照射与生物降解耦合用于PCBs降解的研究

介绍了PCBs紫外光降解的机理及研究进展 ,讨论了影响PCBs光降解的主要因素 ,即环上的氯原子数目、取代位置及所处的微环境均显著地影响PCBs的光降解速率。简述了PCBs生物降解的研究进展 ,重点概述了好氧降解、厌氧降解及好氧厌氧协同作用的机理及特点。最后 ,讨论了PCBs生物降解和光降解的互补性 ,介绍了最近的研究进展 ,指出光降解和生物降解耦合将加快PCBs的移走速率 ,提出了PCBs污染土壤原位修复需要进一步解决的问题。     

新型无极紫外灯的光氧化性能研究

本实验对新型无极紫外灯的发射光谱、不同波长光线在溶液中的传播、·OH和O3的生成量、活性艳红X-3B溶液的降解情况进行了测定,并与普通中压汞灯进行了比较.结果表明,无极紫外灯在紫外区光强约为相近功率的普通中压汞灯的20倍;在溶液中紫外光比可见光更易被吸收;·OH生成与溶液对短波长光子的吸收存在对应关系,本实验中无极紫外灯的最大氧化距离约为6 cm;O3的生成量随着空气曝气量或254 nm处的光强的增大呈指数增加;降解活性艳红X-3B溶液的过程符合负一级动力学关系,降解效果明显好于普通中压汞灯,并且证明了无极紫外灯与生成的臭氧在活性艳红X-3B的降解过程中存在协同作用.     

Photodegradation and volatility of pesticides

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Among the factors affecting the environmental fate of surface-applied pesticides several biological as well as abiotic factors, such as volatilization and photochemical transformations are of particular interest. Whereas reliable measurement methods and models for estimating direct photodegradation are already available for the compartments of water and atmosphere and individual subprocesses have already been described in detail, there is still a need for further elucidation concerning the key processes of heterogeneous photodegradation of environmental chemicals on surfaces. METHODS: In order to systematically examine the direct and indirect photodegradation of 14C-labeled pesticides on various surfaces and their volatilization behavior, a new laboratory device ('photovolatility chamber') was designed according to US EPA Guideline 161-3. Model experiments under controlled conditions were conducted investigating the impact of different surfaces, i.e. glass, soil dust and radish plants, and environmental factors, i.e. irradiation and atmospheric ozone (O3), on the photodegradation and volatilization of surface-deposited [phenyl-UL-14C]parathion-methyl (PM). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Depending on the experimental conditions, parathion-methyl was converted to paraoxon-methyl, 4-nitrophenol, unknown polar products and 14CO2. With respect to the direct photodegradation of PM (experiments without O3), the major products were polar compounds and 14CO2, due to the rapid photochemical mineralization of 4-nitrophenol to 14CO2. Paraoxon-methyl and 4-nitrophenol formation was mainly mediated by the combination of light, O3, and *OH radicals. In radish experiments PM photodegradation was presumably located in the cuticle compartment, which exhibited a sensitized photodegradation, as more unknown products were yielded compared to the glass and soil dust experiments. This could be explained by intensifying the inherent PM degradation in the dark with the same product spectrum. Due to photochemical product formation, which is an antagonistic process to the volatilization of parent compound, the volatilization of unaltered parathion-methyl from each surface generally decreased in the presence of light, particularly in combination with increasing O3 concentrations and *OH radical production rates. CONCLUSION: First results demonstrated that the photovolatility chamber provides a special tool for the systematic evaluation of (a) photodegradation of surface-located pesticide residues, i.e. measuring qualitative aspects of direct and indirect photodegradation together with relative photodegradation rates, and (b) volatilization of pesticides on surfaces by including and optionally varying relevant parameters such as light, atmospheric O3 concentration, surface temperature, air temperature, air flow rate. OUTLOOK: The experimental facility represents an important complement to lysimeter and field studies, in particular for experiments on the volatilization of pesticides using the wind tunnel system. With the photovolatility chamber special experiments on photodegradation, volatilization and plant uptake can be conducted to study key processes in more detail and this will lead to a better understanding of the effects of certain environmental processes on the fate of released agrochemicals contributing to an improved risk assessment.