区域大气环境容量资源优化利用的博弈分析

大气环境容量是一种公共资源,合理利用和保护大气环境容量资源是大气环境改善的有效途径.从区域内各城市间的博弈行为出发,利用个人决策模型、整体决策模型、关系模型对区域内大气容量资源进行分析,揭示大气容量资源被过度使用的现象,针对城市监管不力、企业排污严重引起大气污染问题而提出帕累托改进模型,指出大气环境保护需要合作机制,联防联控.     

科技潮流

日前,美国能源部丙北太平洋国家实验室称,美国能源部将在田纳西州、加利福尼亚州和纽约州的食杂冷藏储运车上推广使用燃料电池,这项清洁技术的应用将有助于大幅削减污染物排放。     

Influence of dissolved organic matter character on mercury incorporation by planktonic organisms：An experimental study using oligotrophic water from Patagonian lakes

Ligands present in dissolved organic matter （DOM） form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury （Hg^2＋） affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg^2＋ （the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes） by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg^2＋ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended with^197Hg^2＋. The bioavailability of Hg^2＋ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg^2＋ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg^2＋ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg^2＋ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg^2＋ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg^2＋ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg^2＋ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg^2＋ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg^2＋ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.     

环境监测中外延实验室的构建与管理探索

提出以建立外延实验室的方式对进入环境监 测领域的社会监测机构进行管理,探讨其在监测站职能的转变和推进深化事业单位的机构改革进程的意义.构建外延实验室并将现行有效的环境保护监测站质量管理体系进行延伸其中,以合同的形式对它们进行规管,加强服务质量的评价,为如何推广和加强环境监测业务社会化提供经验借鉴.     

中国污染治理设施的公共物品属性分析及市场化融资的建议

污染治理设施是城镇基础设施的重要组成,与社会公共利益直接相关。对城镇污染治理设施的投资建设,可以为大范围的公众提供清洁的生态环境与和谐的社会环境。本文分析中国污染治理设施的公共物品属性,结合中国实际提出通过发行市政债券筹集资金进行污染治理设施建设,并在保留产权公有的前提下对污染设施实施租赁管理经营的新型融资机制。     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

浅谈实验室内审员与监督员

内审员、监督员是实验室不可缺少的关键岗位人员,他们在很多方面存在不同,二者正常有效工作能够促进管理体系规范有序运作,《实验室资质认定评审准则》对其做了言简意赅的介绍与要求,大部分实验室的内审与监督工作也有了长足的进步,但在一部分实验室存在内审工作质量不高、监督工作有缺陷等问题,个别实验室存在应付评审或监督检查现象。实验室必须加以重视并且积极改正,加强管理,进一步强化管理体系运行的有效性。     

环境监测实验室废液管理与处理方法初探

环境监测实验室承担着为环境管理部门提供技术支持、技术服务的重要任务,应能够准确及时的提供各排污单位监测数据。在环境监测实验室分析中,需要消耗一定化学试剂并产生废液。废液多含有毒性及有害物质,直接排放会对人及环境造成危害。为此,应加强环境监测实验室废液管理。在研究实验室废液来源的基础上,重点对废液管理措施及处理方法进行研究。采取规范的实验室废液管理及处理方法,保证实验室废液达标排放。     

浅谈环境监测中如何加强化验室的管理

环境监测数据是环境监测的重要产品,环境监测中,现场能够监测的项目如溶解氧、水温、pH、电导率、浊度、便携式气柱色谱仪、H2S检测管(试纸)、CODCr快速检测等少数项目外,其它绝大多数的监测项目都需要把样品带回化验室之后再进行监测,因此,化验室建设与化验室管理是做好环境监测质量管理和质量保证,得到真实科学数据的前提和依据。     

环境监测实验室空气中汞污染与防治

采用冷原子吸收法,使用便携式测汞仪对实验室空气中汞的浓度进行测定,监测结果表明,环境监测实验室空气中汞的污染较为严重,主要来源于COD、氨氮、大气中氨及汞样品测定时含汞试剂及汞标液的使用和含汞废液的排放。根据对监测结果的评价和分析提出了相应的防治措施,提醒实验室的管理及分析人员,要增强环境保护意识,加强实验室的管理,减少含汞及其它有毒废液的排放,改善实验室的环境空气质量,保护分析人员的身体健康。