连续流动分光光度法测水体中的氨氮

采用连续流动分析仪,用连续流动分光光度法,对水体中的氨氮进行实验研究。优化了试验方法,使氨氮的标准曲线线性相关性高,操作简便,大大提高了检测的效率,缩短了样品测量时间。样品中的测量值均在国家标准之内,测量的精度高。     

潜流人工湿地填料筛选及其对小城镇微污染水的修复性能评价

为了选择适合小城镇潜流人工湿地的填料,选取小城镇较为常见的材料(废砖、卵石、碎石),结合物化性质,研究25℃下填料对磷的吸附效果,并分析了填料种类对野外潜流人工湿地运行的影响。结果表明:(1)25℃时,3种填料对磷的吸附量随着溶液中初始磷浓度的增加而增加,吸附能力依次为废砖>碎石>卵石;(2)野外潜流人工湿地运行过程中,随HRT的延长,组合填料湿地WL1和废砖填料WL2湿地对总磷的净化效果有所提高,且WL2湿地对总磷的去除效果略优于WL1。因此,可以选择废砖作为小城镇潜流人工湿地系统的填料。     

扰动强度对钝化剂抑制滇池沉积物磷释放的影响

选取滇池福保湾表层沉积物,以聚合氯化铝为钝化剂,研究了扰动强度对钝化剂抑制沉积物中磷释放的影响.结果表明,当扰动强度低于一定范围时,聚合氯化铝对沉积物中的磷有抑制作用,当转速为0,60,120r/min时,对应的水中磷浓度分别为初始值的62.5%,71.7%和83.4%;当转速达到240r/min时,沉积物会向水中释放大量磷,钝化作用完全被破坏,水中磷浓度为初始值的3.3倍.此外,在转速低于120r/min时,磷形态主要是以无机磷(DIP)为主的溶解性磷(DTP),而转速达到240r/min时,水中DTP/TP30%,DIP/DTP40%,即磷形态主要为不溶性磷,溶解性磷中以有机磷(DOP)为主.     

亚硝酸盐积累对A~2O工艺生物除磷的影响

常温条件下,通过控制好氧区DO浓度为0.3～0.5 mg/L,同时增大系统内回流比以降低系统好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2O工艺中成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化.但随着系统出水亚硝酸盐含量的升高,系统对磷的去除效果逐渐恶化.当好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度19 mg/L时,系统出水磷浓度大于进水磷浓度,系统处于净释磷状态.通过对原水COD浓度、反应区温度、pH值、游离亚硝酸浓度(free nitrous acid,FNA)等分析,表明碳源不足及短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累影响了聚磷菌厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷;尤其是好氧区较高的FNA浓度(HNO2-N 0.002～0.003 mg/L)对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制是导致系统除磷效果恶化的直接原因.通过外投碳源提高原水COD浓度,提高了聚磷菌厌氧释磷合成PHA的能力;同时增强了系统的反硝化能力,降低好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度,从而降低FNA对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制程度,系统的除磷性能可迅速恢复;系统对磷的去除率可达96%以上.     

A~2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺处理低C/N比生活污水脱氮除磷

以低C/N比实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了A2/O-曝气生物滤池生化系统的脱氮除磷特性.同时,考虑到A2/O工艺的主要功能是除磷及反硝化,而曝气生物滤池则以硝化为目的.因此,通过缩短A2/O的泥龄,可将硝化过程从A2/O中分离出去,让曝气生物滤池完成硝化,实现硝化菌和聚磷菌的分离,并解决了硝化菌和聚磷菌泥龄之间的矛盾.试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步去除.在平均C/N比为4.2,内回流比R为250%的条件下,平均进水COD、TN、TP分别为239.9、57.3和5.1mg·L-1,平均最终出水COD、TN、TP分别为34.1、13.3和0.1mg·L-1,去除率分别为85.8%、76.9%和98.3%.曝气生物滤池对氨氮几乎保持了100%的去除率.序批试验表明,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为40.5%.     

序批式颗粒污泥系统中磷的变化和去向分析

在实验室序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理系统中以普通活性污泥为接种污泥,采用厌氧-好氧的运行方式提高系统的除磷效果.同时培养颗粒污泥,并对系统中磷的变化和去向进行分析.结果表明,整个试验共运行146 d,成熟颗粒污泥平均粒径为603μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)约为30 mL.g-1,COD去除率可达90%,磷的去除率可达95%左右.颗粒污泥系统除厌氧放磷和好氧聚磷以外,还存在明显的污泥颗粒积磷现象.磷的去除途径主要为:系统排泥(出水悬浮物和专门排泥)和污泥积磷.由厌氧末期颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果可知,化学沉淀是污泥积磷的一种重要方式,大量的金属离子会与磷形成无机盐沉积在污泥颗粒上.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

Evaluation of phosphorus removal from wastewater by soils in rural areas in China

Low-cost, easy-maintenance and high-e ciency decentralized wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed in rural areas of China. Processes with high potential for phosphorus removal are of great interest. However, commonly used treatment methods often do not meet the strict criteria for removing phosphorus from rural wastewater. In order to search an economic and simple technology for phosphorus removal from the common bio-technologies e uent, seven soil types collected from di erent rural areas in China were investigated for their ability to remove phosphorus. X-ray di raction (XRD) was used to analyse the mineral structure, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the geochemical composition of the soil samples. Three primary minerals – quartz, albite and montmorillonite – were clearly detected. The samples were divided into two soil types, acidic soils and alkaline soils, based on their pH values. The geochemical composition study indicated that a higher percentage of Ca and Mg occurred in alkaline soils (pH > 8) than in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Adsorption isotherms from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich models well, the maximum P adsorption capacities ranged from 0.256 to 1.598 mg P/g, indicating a high phosphorus removal potential for all of these soils. The P fractions extracted revealed that the sum of NaOH-extracted inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) was the major P component in the acidic soils, and CaCO3-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the alkaline soils. Dynamic adsorption simulation showed that these soils have the ability to remove phosphorus from wastewater.     

摩尔配比对MAP沉淀法回收模拟废水中磷的影响

以磷浓度50mg/L的实验室模拟废水为研究对象,考察了以鸟粪石(MAP)形式回收磷的最佳摩尔配比,并借助X-衍射(XRD)对不同摩尔配比条件下得到的沉淀物进行分析。试验结果表明,在pH=9.5时,以鸟粪石形式回收磷的最佳Mg:N:P=4:1.6:1。对沉淀物的XRD分析发现,在pH=9.5,当固定Mg:P=1.6时,N:P=1时沉淀物中基本不含MAP,当N:P=2时,生成的沉淀物中混有少量的副产物Mg(3PO)42,当N:P2时则生成较纯的MAP;当固定N:P=4时,Mg:P=2是生成较纯的MAP的临界值,超过此比例则生成副产物Mg(3PO)42;当反应按照理论配比投加氨氮和镁盐时,所得产物基本不是MAP,而是副产物Mg(3PO)42。故鸟粪石沉淀结晶反应中应尽量提高氨氮配比,并避免投加过量的镁盐,以保证回收产物的纯度。     

城市污泥中磷的释放与回收

基于我国磷资源和城市污泥的现状,针对城市污泥中的营养元素,分析了城市污泥中磷回收的必要性;探讨了城市污泥中磷由固相释放至液相的微生物消化法、热处理法和药剂溶出法等;综述了回收液相中磷的磷酸铵镁、磷酸镁钾、磷酸钠钾镁结晶法和磷酸钙盐沉淀法的原理和研究现状;展望了城市污泥中磷释放与回收技术的研究、开发与应用前景。