抗生素菌渣处理处置技术进展

我国是抗生素原料药生产大国,抗生素菌渣产生量大、处理难度大,且属于危险固废,其合理、安全处置是目前制药企业亟待解决的难题。对抗生素菌渣的焚烧、肥料化、饲料化、填埋、能源化及其他处理处置技术的现状进行了归纳和总结,并对抗生素菌渣处理处置技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Observations on metal trends in soil and vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator under construction (1996–1998)

The temporal variation in metal concentrations in soil and vegetation samples collected in an area of Catalonia (Spain), which will be under the potential influence of a new hazardous waste incinerator was determined. In 1996 and again in 1998, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and V were measured in 40 soil and 40 herbage samples collected at 250–4000 m from the facility at the same sampling points. Data of both surveys and the percentages of variation are here presented for all metals. Results are shown according to the main wind directions in the area, as well as distances from the new facility. During the period 1996–1998, a general decrease was noted for most metals. Only the levels of Hg were significantly increased during this period. The present results will be useful for future surveys aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of metals derived from emissions of the new plant.     

Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

The continuously increasing production of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) has promoted its utilization as construction material and raised environmental concern. The physico-chemical properties and leaching behavior of MSWIBA were studied, and ecotoxicological testing using a luminescent bacterium bioassay was performed to assess the ecological pollution risks associated with its leached constituents. The MSWIBA was leached by two types of leachants, H₂SO₄/HNO₃ and HAc solution, at different liquid to solid ratios and contact times. The concentrations of heavy metals and anions in the leachates were analyzed. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principle component analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the toxicity (EC₅₀) of the MSWIBA leachate. The statistical analyses of the ecotoxicological results showed that the Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, F⁻ and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were closely correlated with the EC₅₀ value, and these substances were the main contributors to the ecotoxicity of the MSWIBA leachate. In addition, the cluster of these variables indicated similar leaching behaviors. Overall, the research demonstrated that the ecotoxicological risks resulting from MSWIBA leaching could be assessed before its utilization, which provides crucial information for the adaptation of MSWIBA as alternative materials.     

医疗垃圾焚烧烟气净化技术述评

综述了国内外近几年来的医疗垃圾焚烧烟气净化技术,分析各种方法的优缺点,并就我国医疗垃圾焚烧烟气净化提出针对性的建议。     

钙化合物对前生体生成二(口恶)英类的阻滞作用

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧(MSWI)过程中二噁英类的生成机制以及焚烧飞灰的组成,研究了MSWI飞灰中常见的钙化合物(CaO,Ca(OH)2,CaCl2,CaSO4及Ca(NO3)2)对前生体五氯酚(PCP)及六氯苯(HCB)生成二英类的阻滞作用.结果表明,280℃下加热2h,Ca(NO3)2,Ca(OH)2和CaO对PCP生成二噁英类的总阻滞效率分别为93.7%,80.4%和98.9%,而CaCl2和CaSO4几乎没有效果.CaO对PCP和HCB混合物生成二噁英类物质同样具有良好的阻滞效果.另外,探讨了上述钙化合物对PCP及HCB生成二噁英类的阻滞作用机理.     

我国城市垃圾焚烧技术发展方向探讨

分析了国内外城市垃圾焚烧处理技术的发展和应用现状以及存在的问题,在分析了国内大城市、沿海地区中小城镇和内地中小城市垃圾焚烧特性的基础上,探讨了适合我国城市垃圾焚烧处理的技术发展方向。      

内旋流流化床埋管传热研究

垃圾焚烧系统中,内旋流流化床存在不同布风速度的移动区、流动区和换热区,处于换热区的埋管的对流换热系数受附近流动区气流参数的影响,其变化趋势及数值大小与普通鼓泡型流化床之间有明显不同:最大的对流换热系数明显高于鼓泡床;换热区尚未流化时,对流换热系数己经大幅提高;整条换热曲线的变化比较平缓,易于流化床浓相床内换热。      

催化快速测定法测定高氯高浓度有机废液的化学需氧量

化学化工等行业产生大量含无机盐的高浓度难降解有机废水,介绍了氯离子浓度和有机物浓度都大大超过测定范围的有机废水COD的测定方法。该方法当氯离子的浓度在20000～60000mg/L时,相对误差在0.15%～5.8%之间;并有较高的精密度,6次平行测定的结果相对标准差<2%;加标回收率为99%～101%;与标准方法相比不存在显著性差异。     

燃料式熔融固化垃圾焚烧飞灰的实验研究

在以柴油为燃料的熔融炉中熔融固化垃圾焚烧飞灰,并对固化效果进行检验。进一步探讨了不同环境对飞灰固化效果的影响规律。结果表明飞灰熔融固化后就不再具有浸出毒性的危险废物;酸性(pH≤4.5)和碱性(pH≥11.5)环境对固化效果的影响比较大;潮湿的环境对固化效果无明显影响。     

我国县级地区生活垃圾焚烧设施环境社会风险分析及应对策略研究——基于31省份设施负荷率与网络舆情的分析

在政策支持和实际需求的驱动下，可能会导致县级地区垃圾焚烧项目迅速增多，且带来潜在的环境监管压力和环境社会风险，需要给予持续的特别关注，并对地方做好环境监管和风险管控的指导。本文基于全国精细化的生活垃圾焚烧处理设施、生活垃圾产生量、网络舆情等数据,通过构建泰森多边形等空间分析方法进行了焚烧处理设施的服务范围识别及负荷率计算，通过自然语言处理技术进行了关于生活垃圾焚烧处理设施的情感分析。在此基础上，基于焚烧处理设施的负荷率和负面舆情比例，对全国31个省份环境社会风险进行定量的评估分析并提出对策建议，一是平衡解决“缺口大”和“吃不饱”问题，合理规划布局县级地区生活垃圾焚烧处理设施；二是聚焦负面舆情高发领域、区域，积极防范县级地区生活垃圾焚烧处理设施环境社会风险。