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61.
Future limitations on the availability of selected resources stress the need for increased material efficiency. In addition, in a climate-constrained world the impact of resource use on greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized. Waste management is key to achieve sustainable resource management. Ways to use resources more efficiently include prevention of waste, reuse of products and materials, and recycling of materials, while incineration and anaerobic digestion may recover part of the embodied energy of materials. This study used iWaste, a simulation model, to investigate the extent to which savings in energy consumption and CO2 emissions can be achieved in the Netherlands through recycling of waste streams versus waste incineration, and to assess the extent to which this potential is reflected in the LAP2 (currently initiated policy). Three waste streams (i.e. household waste, bulky household waste, and construction and demolition waste) and three scenarios compare current policy to scenarios that focus on high-quality recycling (Recycling+) or incineration with increased efficiency (Incineration+). The results show that aiming for more and high-quality recycling can result in emission reductions of 2.3 MtCO2 annually in the Netherlands compared to the reference situation in 2008. The main contributors to this reduction potential are found in optimizing the recycling of plastics (PET, PE and PP), textiles, paper, and organic waste. A scenario assuming a higher energy conversion efficiency of the incinerator treating the residual waste stream, achieves an emission reduction equivalent to only one third (0.7 MtCO2/year) of the reduction achieved in the Recycling+ scenario. Furthermore, the results of the study show that currently initiated policy only partially realizes the full potential identified. A focus on highest quality use of recovered materials is essential to realize the full potential energy and CO2 emission reduction identified for the Netherlands. Detailed economic and technical analyses of high quality recycling are recommended to further evaluate viable integrated waste management policies. 相似文献
62.
Lu LT Chang IC Hsiao TY Yu YH Ma HW 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):49-59
Background Since the 1970s, at least 200 hectares (ha) of farmland has been polluted by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd).Consequently, the
Cd pollution has led to contaminate the rice production and caused acute social panic. According to the recent investigation
results performed by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), it is indicated that most of the Cd pollution
incidents in Taiwan resulted from the wastewater discharge of stearate Cd factories. To prevent the Cd pollution incidents
from spreading, the TEPA has either forced these factories to close down or assisted them in improving their production processes
since the 1980s. Unfortunately, accidental incidents of Cd pollution still emerge in an endless stream, despite the strict
governmental controls placed on these questionable factories. Whether this pollution has resulted from undetected or hidden
pollution sources stemming from two decades ago or comes from some new source, will be an outstanding issue. Therefore, this
study attempts to identify the pollution sources of Cd in soil in Taiwan as well as to find the solution to the above-mentioned,
outstanding issue by way of a methodology termed Material Flow Analysis (MFA).
Method logy. The MFA has proved to be a useful tool on providing quantitative information of the flow of substances through an economic
to an environmental system. Based upon the supply-and-demand theory of MFA, researchers have successfully conducted an overview
of the use of materials in many industries, the construction industry being one of these. Therefore, this study tries to establish
a set of analytical processes by way of MFA for identifying the pollution source of Cd in soil in Taiwan. In addition, the
spirit of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) technique was also employed to identify the materials, and products should be ignored
as a crucial pollution source in this study.
Results and Discussion According to the MFA methodology applied in this study and on the basis of related studies performed by Taiwanese governmental
authorities, we arrive at the following analysis results: (1) the total amount of Cd from the economic perspective of material
and product flow was approximately 441.2 tons; (2) the wastewater directly discharged into irrigation water can be concluded
to be the major pollution route of Cd in farmland soil in Taiwan; (3) material plastic stabilizer (cadmium oxide, CdO), Zn-Pd
compounds and Cu compounds should be the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater
in Cd flow analysis; (4) the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater in Cd flow
analysis were five factories, Coin, Jili, Taiwan Dye, Guangzheng and Mingguan, and they were all categorized as stearate Cd
industries; (5) the typical source of the Cd pollution in soil in Changhua County through the pollution route of wastewater
should be the metal surfacing process industries.
Conclusions This study proved that MFA can be a good tool for identifying Cd flow as well as for recognizing the crux of the problem
concerning incidents of Cd pollution. This study led to the conclusion that the causal relationship between farmland pollution
caused by Cd and stearate Cd factories in Taiwan seemed quite close by way of MFA methodology. In addition, this study also
found that the wastewater discharged from a single metal surfacing process factory will not cause remarkable farmland pollution.
However, the wastewater simultaneously discharged from a group of pollution factories can result in a significant pollution
incident.
Recommendations and Outlook This case study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the toxic material flow related to Cd in the environment.
This study recommends that Taiwanese governmental authorities should not deal with problems on an ad hoc basis, but should
instead deal with Cd pollution problems overall employing control measures. Finally, the more accurate information or data
we can collect, the more reliable results we can identify. Therefore, the quality and quantity of related data used in this
MFA model should be closely scrutinized in order to ensure the most correct and comprehensive investigation on the toxic material
flow. 相似文献
63.
64.
Jyri Seppälä Ilmo MäenpääSirkka Koskela Tuomas MattilaAri Nissinen Juha-Matti KatajajuuriTiina Härmä Marja-Riitta KorhonenMerja Saarinen Yrjö Virtanen 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(16):1833-1841
An environmentally extended input-output (EE-IO) analysis - environmental impacts of material flows caused by the Finnish economy - was carried out in order to improve data on production and consumption in Finland. The study resulted in the ENVIMAT model, which can be used to analyze the relationship between material flows, environmental impacts and the economy. The model is based on monetary and physical input-output tables and an environmental life-cycle impact assessment. This article summarizes the main methodological aspects and findings regarding the material flows and climate impacts caused by the Finnish economy in 2002 and 2005. The Finnish model has relatively detailed input data with 150 industries and 918 products and the data on imports was assessed according to a mixed approach with the help of life-cycle inventory data. The results of the model showed that the Finnish economy uses imported material resources as much as domestic resources. Life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by imports were equivalent to 70-80% of domestic emissions. The GHG emissions embodied in imports (emissions abroad) and exports (emissions within Finland) were of the same magnitude. The analysis showed that the service sector accounted for 44% of GHG emissions caused by the domestic final use of products. Analysis of the results also showed that the indicator of total material requirement (TMR) should not be used for environmental impact comparisons of products and services. In the future, the aim is to use the ENVIMAT model for assessing temporal changes in the economy; for monitoring sustainable development; for planning climate change mitigation; and for identifying important factors in the economy and assessing their impacts. 相似文献
65.
Silver (Ag) is a precious metal of increasing importance. Besides its classical use as a valuable, it is applied in an increasing number of industrial products due to its advantageous chemical properties. As silver is considered a non-renewable resource, it is becoming more and more relevant for individual countries to gain a better understanding of their domestic silver material flows. In our study, a material flow analysis (MFA) of silver in Austria for the period 2012 was carried out, the results of which reveal the major silver flows in the country as well as the imports and exports outside the country. As there is no extraction of silver ore in Austria, the country is depending on silver imports and recycling. Furthermore, the role of the silver coin production that is of considerable importance in Austria is highlighted. The results may help, on a policy level, to determine silver use indicators and support the development of strategies for resource, waste and environmental management of silver. On a modeling level, the results may function as an example for future silver MFA studies in different countries. 相似文献
66.
韩颖 《中国个体防护装备》2012,(3):23-26
有证实物标准样品"石材放射性标准样品"、"陶瓷产品的放射性标准样品"及"粉煤灰砌块的放射性标准样品"适用于γ谱仪校准和考核相近基质样品中所含放射性核素226Ra、232Th和40K含量测定的准确性,覆盖了建材产品需要检验的所有核素,达到放射平衡。样品由8家权威放射性检测机构采用低本底多道γ能谱仪测量方法进行定值测量,均匀性和稳定性良好,以对人们的安全与健康提供保护。 相似文献
67.
李艳 《中国特种设备安全》2014,(7):34-38
本文对PTA装置上的大型铬钼钢锻焊反应器,在制造过程中的几个关键技术进行了介绍:控制材料的化学成分提高铬钼钢材料的抗回火脆化能力;采用先进的冶炼工艺和锻造技术保证大型锻件的质量;优化铬钼钢封头正火热处理中的冷却工艺来保证材料的性能指标;采用合理的焊接工艺,既保证了厚壁环焊缝的焊接质量,又降低了制造成本;优化堆焊工艺,保证了反应器内壁的堆焊质量;正确选择热处理规范,对铬钼钢压力容器至关重要。 相似文献
68.
发展生态建筑已经成为当今社会发展的主题,同时也是顺应建筑全球化潮流,提升人居环境健康性和舒适性的迫切需要.必须不断转变建筑在设计和建设方面的思维方式,才能逐步缓解资源紧缺和环境污染的现状.该文对生态建筑定义以及设计原则两方面进行研究,通过对台湾水滴塔和新加坡展览塔楼这两座典型生态建筑案例进行了分析,再从生态建筑材料和生态建筑节能技术两方面予以阐述,得出生态建筑作为当今社会的发展趋势,其还有很多方面需要通过实践去探索. 相似文献
69.
Waste recycling for paper production is an important component of waste management. This study constructs a physical input-output life-cycle assessment (PIO-LCA) model. The PIO-LCA model is used to investigate environmental impacts of four categories of waste recycling in China’s paper industry: crop straws, bagasse, textile wastes and scrap paper. Crop straw recycling and wood utilization for paper production have small total intensity of environmental impacts. Moreover, environmental impacts reduction of crop straw recycling and wood utilization benefits the most from technology development. Thus, using crop straws and wood (including wood wastes) for paper production should be promoted. Technology development has small effects on environmental impacts reduction of bagasse recycling, textile waste recycling and scrap paper recycling. In addition, bagasse recycling and textile waste recycling have big total intensity of environmental impacts. Thus, the development of bagasse recycling and textile waste recycling should be properly limited. Other pathways for reusing bagasse and textile wastes should be explored and evaluated. Moreover, imports of scrap paper should be encouraged to reduce large indirect impacts of scrap paper recycling on domestic environment. 相似文献
70.