Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) in biosolids from municipal wastewater treatment plants in China

Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) along with methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) have been frequently identified as natural compounds in marine environment and also assumed as metabolites of PBDEs. In the present study, nine OH-PBDE, nine MeO-PBDE and 10 PBDE congeners were studied in the sewage sludge collected from 36 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 27 cities of China. The results suggest that OH-PBDEs and PBDEs are ubiquitous in sewage sludge in China, however, methoxylated PBDEs were not detectable. Composition profiles of detected OH-PBDE congeners were different depending on the sampling location. ΣOH-PBDEs in WWTPs sludge ranged from 0.04 to 2.24 ng g^?1 dry weight (mean: 0.35 ng g^?1 dry weight). The total amount of the two most prominent congeners (6-OH-BDE-47 + 2′-OH-BDE-68) accounted for about 53.3–100% of the sum of all six identified congeners. A significant linear relationship was found between 6-OH-BDE-47 and 2′-OH-BDE-68. A distinct geographical distribution of ΣOH-PBDEs was observed with greater concentrations of OH-PBDEs at coastal areas than inland regions in China.     

Medium optimization for the production of anti-cyanobacterial substances by Streptomyces sp. HJC-D1 using response surface methodology

Bioremediation using isolated anti-cyanobacterial microorganism has been widely applied in harmful algal blooms (HABs) control. In order to improve the secretion of activated anti-cyanobacterial substances, and lower the cost, a sequential optimization of the culture medium based on statistical design was employed for enhancing the anti-cyanobacterial substances production and chlorophyll a (Chl a) removal by Streptomyces sp. HJC-D1 in the paper. Sucrose and KNO₃ were selected as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources based on the one-at-a-time strategy method, and sucrose, KNO₃ and initial pH were found as major factors that affected the anti-cyanobacterial ability of the isolated stain via the Plackett–Burman design. Based on the response surface and canonical analysis, the optimum condition of culture medium was obtained at 22.73 g l^-1 of sucrose, 0.96 g l^-1 of KNO₃, and initial pH 8.82, and the Chl a removal efficiency by strain HJC-D1 increased from 63?±?2 % to 78?±?2 % on the optimum conditions.     

外循环式UASB反应器处理高浓度酒精废水

利用改进型上流式厌氧污泥床反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度酒精废水,研究反应器的启动影响因素及颗粒污泥形成过程,分析反应器运行特性。在容积负荷为10.39 kg COD/(m3.d),COD去除率达90.2%,VFA在300 mg/L以下,平均产气率为0.328 m3/kg COD,取得最佳的运行效果,为高浓度酒精废水的处理应用提供科学依据。     

Emission factors and particulate matter size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustions in rural Northern China

Coal consumption is one important contributor to energy production, and is regarded as one of the most important sources of air pollutants that have considerable impacts on human health and climate change. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal combustion were studied in a typical stove. Emission factors (EFs) of 16 EPA priority PAHs from tested coals ranged from 6.25 ± 1.16 mg kg^?1 (anthracite) to 253 ± 170 mg kg^?1 (bituminous), with NAP and PHE dominated in gaseous and particulate phases, respectively. Size distributions of particulate phase PAHs from tested coals showed that they were mostly associated with particulate matter (PM) with size either between 0.7 and 2.1 μm or less than 0.4 μm (PM_0.4). In the latter category, not only were more PAHs present in PM_0.4, but also contained higher fractions of high molecular weight PAHs. Generally, there were more than 89% of total particulate phase PAHs associated with PM_2.5. Gas-particle partitioning of freshly emitted PAHs from residential coal combustions were thought to be mainly controlled by absorption rather than adsorption, which is similar to those from other sources. Besides, the influence of fuel properties and combustion conditions was further investigated by using stepwise regression analysis, which indicated that almost 57 ± 10% of total variations in PAH EFs can be accounted for by moisture and volatile matter content of coal in residential combustion.     

基于神经网络的温度预测

室内温度与诸多影响因素之间的非线性、复杂性等关系 ,给建模、预测带来了难度 ,引入了人工神经网络 ;利用人工神经网络的非线性、并行计算和自学习特性进行建模 ,实现了对温度模拟     

盐效萃取法从电子产品清洗废液中回收异丙醇

用盐效萃取法从电子产品清洗废液中回收片丙醇，考察了碳酸钾水溶液与该清洗废液的质量比对脱水率的影响，测定了异丙醇-水-碳酸钾体系存40℃时的液液相平衡数据，用Pitzer理论和NRTL方程对液液相平衡数据进行了理论计算。结果表明：当质量分数为60．00％的碳酸钾水溶液与该废液的质晕比为2．00时，脱水率高达90．00％；将有机相进行精馏可得到质量分数为99．50％的异丙醇；计算值与实测值接近，水相和有机相的绝对平均偏差分别为0．62％和0．46％。     

汽车共享对城市温室气体排放的影响

近年来我国居民出行的机动化需求越来越高,而严峻的能源环境挑战使得我们不能按照发达国家的千人小汽车拥有水平来发展机动化。汽车共享是一种新兴的绿色机动化服务模式,既可满足成员的机动化出行需求又可降低私人小汽车保有量和出行量,并会因此减少车辆使用产生的温室气体排放。在上海浦东联洋社区、虹口山阴路社区和天山虹桥社区进行居民问卷调查,统计分析结果表明:拥有车辆数多的家庭加入汽车共享的意愿略低于无车家庭,在被调查者中仅有10%左右的人愿意因为汽车共享放弃现有车辆。当通勤距离超过8 000 m时,被调查者对汽车共享的需求下降,而达到14 000 m以后,对汽车共享的需求会再次上升。当汽车共享的出行费用分别为20元/h,25元/h和30元/h时,日常采购出行加入汽车共享的意愿分别为75.28%,60.89%和36.54%;机场出行加入汽车共享的意愿分别为79.34%,67.16%和46.86%;休闲出行加入汽车共享的意愿分别为85.24%,65.69%和44.28%。计算271份样本的汽车共享效应,得到汽车行驶里程年折减量为228 520 km,费用折减每年1 465 185元,CO2排放年折减61 035 kg。因此,在我国城市中积极引入汽车共享这种环境友好的用车服务,可以解决一部分居民的机动化需求,由此产生的潜在效应对减少城市温室气体排放有显著意义。     

冲压机械伤害风险评价信息系统研究

研究冲压机械伤害风险评价信息系统,无论对企业内部事故预防还是对职工健康安全,还是节省国家因事故造成的经济损失,都十分必要。应用计算机编程语言和数据库软件,对冲压作业进行综合管理评价、设备设施的固有危险性评价及劳动卫生与作业环境评价,进而对冲压作业风险进行评价分级,建立动态的冲压机械伤害风险评价数据库管理信息系统。该系统可保存所有评价的项目资料,供应用和参考,实现了对冲压机械伤害风险评价的数据库动态管理,使风险评价分析工作组织化、条理化、系统化。     

高职教育考试方法改革的探索与实践

根据高职教育教学的要求和课程特点，尤其是为适应培养应用型人才的教学模式，打破“高分低能”的现象，充分发挥考试在高职教育中的指导性作用，本文以食品质量与安全专业的课程为例，对考试考核方法的改革进行了探索与实践。高职教育的考试应突出应用能力考核，加强实践技能检验，坚持在实践中学习、在实践中考核，全面推行操作技能考核，施行“考教分离”，考试形式多样化的原则。