Effects of calcined aluminum salts on the advanced dewatering and solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge

The high moisture content (80%) in the sewage dewatered sludge is the main obstacle to disposal and recycling. A chemical dewatering and stabilization/solidification (S/S) alternative for the sludge was developed, using calcined aluminum salts (AS) as solidifier, and CaCl2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 as accelerators, to enhance the mechanical compressibility making the landfill operation possible. The properties of the resultant matrixes were determined in terms of moisture contents, unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, and toxicity characteristics. The results showed that AS exhibited a moderate pozzolanic activity, and the mortar AS0 obtained with 5% AS and 10% CaSO4 of AS by weight presented a moisture contents below 50%–60% and a compressive strength of (51.32 ± 2.9) kPa after 5–7 days of curing time, meeting the minimum requirement for sanitary landfill. The use of CaSO4 obviously improved the S/S performance, causing higher strength level. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry investigations revealed that a large amount of hydrates (viz., gismondine and CaCO3) were present in solidified sludge, leading to the depletion of evaporable water and the enhancement of the strength. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and horizontal vibration (HJ 557-2009) leaching test were conducted to evaluate their environmental compatibility. It was found that the solidified products conformed to the toxicity characteristic criteria in China and could be safely disposed of in a sanitary landfill.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in chicken tissues and eggs from an electronic waste recycling area in southeast China

The levels and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken tissues from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area in southeast China were investigated. Human dietary intake by local residents via chicken muscle and eggs was estimated. The mean PBDEs concentrations in tissues ranged from 15.2 to 3138.1 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and in egg the concentration was 563.5 ng/g lw. The results showed that the level of total PBDEs (PPBDEs) in the chicken tissue was 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature. The large di erence of PPBDEs concentrations between tissues confirmed that the distribution of PBDEs in tissues depend on tissue-specificity rather than the “lipid-compartment”. BDE-209 was the predominant congener (82.5%– 94.7% of PPBDEs) in all chicken tissues except in brain (34.7% of PPBDEs), which indicated that deca-BDE (the major commercial PBDE formulation comprising 65%–70% of total production) was major pollution source in this area and could be bioaccumulated in terrestrial animals. The dietary PBDEs intake of the local residents from chicken muscle and egg, assuming only local bred chickens and eggs were consumed, ranged from 2.2 to 22.5 ng/(day kg body weight (bw)) with a mean value of 13.5 ng/(day kg bw), which was one order of magnitude higher than the value reported in previous studies for consumption of all foodstu s.     

A kinetic model of Ti（IV）-catalyzed H2O2/O3 process in aqueous solution

A kinetic model for the Ti(IV)-catalyzed H₂O₂/O₃ process was established, and the experimental results demonstrated that the model could well describe this ozone-based oxidative system mathematically and chemically.     

絮团尺寸对全尾砂絮凝沉降效果的影响研究*

为研究絮团尺寸对全尾砂絮凝沉降效果的影响,采用正交实验和图像颗粒分析相结合的方法,进行多因素耦合条件下全尾砂絮凝沉降实验,基于Giddings函数的沉降速度模型,提出全尾砂絮团图像颗粒分析,探究各时段絮团尺寸的变化规律。研究结果表明:当尾砂浆浓度为15%、絮凝剂溶液浓度为0.25%、絮凝剂单耗为20 g/t,pH值为10时,絮凝沉降效果最佳,最大沉降速度达13.12 mm/s;随着沉降时间的增加,沉降速度随絮团直径、长径比减小而减小,随圆形度增大而减小。研究结果可为实际生产中控制全尾砂絮凝沉降参数、提高沉降速率提供参考。     

碱消解-P&T-GC-AFS法同时测定土壤中的甲基汞和乙基汞研究

建立了碱消解-吹扫捕集-气相色谱-原子荧光光谱法(P&T-GC-AFS)同时测定土壤中甲基汞和乙基汞的分析方法.样品在90℃条件下经氢氧化钾/甲醇消解2.5 h,调节pH为5.40,并丙基化衍生后,采用P&T-GC-AFS法测定.方法对甲基汞、乙基汞的线性相关系数分别为0.999 7、0.999 6,检出限分别为0.26、0.41 ng·g -1.在不同质量浓度水平上进行加标回收率实验,甲基汞、乙基汞的回收率分别为90.5%~93.3%、86.5%~89.6%.该方法样品前处理简单、检出限低,适合批量测定土壤中甲基汞和乙基汞.     

不同筋料对尾矿坝渗透特性影响规律研究

铺设加筋材料作为一种普遍使用的提高土体或坝体稳定性的工程措施,在提高坝 体力学强度的同时,在筋带处形成的混合体也改变了尾矿砂自身的渗透特性。采用理论 分析、渗透试验和数值模拟相结合的研究手段,探析了不同筋带密度下土工格栅与土工 织物对尾矿砂渗透系数的影响。结果表明:土工格栅与土工织物两种加筋方式均会使尾 矿砂渗透系数减小;土工织物加筋在渗流时会阻挡细粒组运移,有效避免细粒组随渗透 水流出,从而降低试件渗透系数;土工格栅则通过横肋对尾矿砂颗粒的嵌锁作用阻滞颗 粒运移,致使渗流过程中孔隙扩展变弱,最终达到降低渗透系数的作用。研究成果加深 了对加筋尾矿坝渗透规律的认识,为研究加筋尾矿坝的稳定性提供了新的思路。     

污泥干化焚烧系统安全评价

在深入分析污泥干化焚烧系统构成及安全隐患的基础上,采用预先危险分析法(PHA)和作业条件危险性评价法(LEC)对污泥干化焚烧系统进行安全评价,定性分析污泥干化焚烧系统的危险性因素,定量分析危险性因素对系统安全运行产生的影响。提出针对系统危险性因素的对策,实现提高污泥干化焚烧系统安全性的目标。     

电子垃圾拆解区土壤上空心菜的毒理响应

电子垃圾拆解区对当地环境造成严重污染,电子垃圾拆解区重金属在土壤农作物体系中有一定迁移性,并可通过食物链进入人体,对人体健康造成威胁。深入探究作物的积累重金属的机理,可为调控食物链的重金属传递,减少重金属对人体健康的威胁提供一定的理论和实践依据。以广东省梅州市贵屿岛某电子垃圾拆解区为中心,沿半径方向2、20、40、50 m采集土壤,同时以未受电子垃圾拆解区的土壤作为参照,在室内采用盆栽实验方法研究空心菜（Ipomoea aquatica）对电子垃圾污染的土壤中重金属Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的毒理响应。结果表明：受电子垃圾污染土壤中栽种的空心菜,五种重金属的含量在空心菜体内的分布为根＞茎＞叶,根部的富集系数最高,同时空心菜根部对Cu,Zn的生物积累作用最强烈,在水稻土上空心菜对重金属的富集最为明显;空心菜的生长高度受重金属的污染不明显,重金属对空心菜的主要影响表现在叶面形态上;受到污染胁迫后,空心菜中叶绿素的含量明显降低,距电子垃圾2、20、40、50 m的土壤和水稻土壤上种植的空心菜的叶绿素量平均是对照汕头土壤的44.0%、74.2%、75.4%、88.7%、74.1%;空心菜对于土壤中重金属的污染有较好的自身调节能力,其体内的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶表现的相似,土壤受重金属的污染越严重,空心菜的CAT和POD的含量相应也较高。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and dust from plastic production and surrounding areas in eastern of China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of organic pollutants. They are used as flame retardants that caused worldwide environmental concern. This study investigated the occurrence of PBDEs in soils and dusts from three plastic manufacture plants and surrounding areas in Eastern China. A total of 13 PBDE congeners were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (electron impact ionization). The total concentrations of PBDEs range from 2.21 to 558, 19.7–4916, and 8.70–18,451 ng/g dry weight in the soils of three sampling areas, with mean of 1004 ng/g d w; in dusts, the concentrations range from 7240 to 10,469, 684–4482, and 193–3989 ng/g d w, with an overall mean of 3619 ng/g d w. The most abundant congener is the BDE-209, followed by BDE-153 and BDE-85. This indicates that the brominated flame retardant added in the plastic manufacture is mainly the commodity decabromodiphenyl ether. In comparison with other polluted areas around the world, the PBDE concentrations in the soils of the plastic manufacture plants are similar to those in soils of waste plastic disposal areas and PBDEs production sites, but orders of magnitude higher than those in agricultural soils, mountain soils and rural soils. Daily exposure was estimated using the average concentrations of the pollution sites. The hazard quotient shows that the PBDEs pose considerable human health risks, especially to children, to which attention should be paid.