香溪河附石性大型底栖动物功能摄食类群研究

利用1∶50 000地形图对香溪河进行划分,显示香溪河为一条6级河流。分析包括捕食者(PR)、撕食者(SH)、刮食者(SC)、直接收集者（GC）和过滤收集者(FC)在内的5个主要功能摄食类群的组成,发现香溪河主要摄食类群以直接收集者和刮食者为主。各功能摄食类群的密度和生物量随着河流级别的变化而发生变化,基本趋势为：直接收集者和滤食者的密度和生物量都随着河流级别的增加而增大;撕食者和刮食者的密度和生物量的密度随着河流级别的增加而减小;而捕食者在整个流域内的密度上游小于下游,生物量却是上游大于下游。研究结果表明香溪河在夏季其上游物质来源以附石性藻类生产为主,下游则以异源性细有机颗粒输入为主。此外,功能摄食类群的密度与部分环境因子具有显著的相关性：过滤收集者与Ca2+和河宽相关,收集者与SiO2相关显著,刮食者与海拔和氨氮相关性较高,撕食者与电导和PO4 P相关性较高.     

不同土地利用对溪流大型底栖无脊椎动物群落的影响

2010年4月调查了钱塘江中游区域29个样点的水环境特征和底栖动物。聚类排序将样点分为参照、农业和城镇3组,相似性分析表明不同组间底栖动物群落有显著差异(r=0.863,P=0.001)。环境因子的主成分分析表明,研究区域主要的环境胁迫是农业和城镇用地及其引起的水质变化,并能较好解释组间物种差异的关键环境胁迫因子为农业用地比例、城镇用地比例、溶解氧、总氮和平均底质得分(Rho=0.568,P=0.001)。底栖动物参数(总分类单元数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、BI指数和丰富度指数)和k-优势度曲线显示农业和城镇组的生物完整性遭到很大程度的破坏,且农业组较城镇组严重。     

黄盖湖水系河源区——皤河大型无脊椎动物群落与水质评价

2009年7月对黄盖湖水系河源区--皤河的大型无脊椎动物进行调查。共采集到无脊椎动物54种，隶属于4门6纲36科。其中水生昆虫45种，软体动物4种，甲壳动物2种，寡毛类、涡虫纲、蛛形纲各1种。无脊椎动物密度方面的优势类群主要为蜉蝣目稚虫和摇蚊幼虫。宽基蜉(Choroterpes sp.)、微动蜉(Cinygmula sp.)、四节蜉(Baetis sp.)和无突摇蚊 (Ablabesmyia sp.)是最优势的种类，其相对丰度分别占总丰度的4040%、838%、426%和419%。典范对应分析（CCA）显示，海拔和河宽是影响无脊椎动物群落分布的关键环境因子。采用Shannon Wiener指数和BI生物指数对各样点的水质状况进行了评价：二者结果具有一定差异，BI指数的评价结果更符合实际情况     

COAL ASH BASIN EFFECTS (PARTICULATES,METALS, ACIDIC pH) UPON AQUATIC BIOTA: AN EIGHT-YEAR EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT Coal ash effluent effects including particulates, acidic pH excursions, elemental concentrations and bioconcentration in selected organisms have been studied as changes in water quality and densities of benthic macroinvertebrate and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations in a swamp drainage system over an eight-year period. Three changes in the ash basin settling system were made between mid- 1973 and January 1982. Initial density of the aquatic biota was altered severely by heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic pH excursions and perhaps overall by elemental concentrations and bioaccumulation. Heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic Ph excursions (mean of 5.5, extreme of 3.5) after the addition of fly ash to the original settling basin system, had the most profound effect on biota. Dipterans (chironomids) and some odonates (Plathemis lydia and Libellula spp.) were resistant to heavy ash siltation, while mosquitofish, which showed no discernible responses to ash siltation, were absent at acidic pH, along with the few previously surviving invertebrate populations. Elemental concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, selenium, and zinc did not appear to limit aquatic flora and fauna on a short-term, acute basis. Long, chronic elemental exposures may have been instrumental in retarding the recovery of all forms of aquatic life in the receiving system. Elemental concentrations (except for arsenic and selenium) in the receiving system were generally one to two orders of magnitude higher than the Water Quality Criteria set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1980) for protection of aquatic life for the minimum and 24-hour mean values. From collective elemental exposures in the receiving system, bioconcentration factors in macrophytes, invertebrates and fish were generally lower than those reported in the literature for laboratory, single elemental concentrations. By 1978, when the new settling basin systems were operating effectively, invertebrate populations were largely recovered, and mosquitofish populations recovered within one year afterward.     

太子河流域土地利用对大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的影响

水生生物群落功能结构研究不仅是河流生态学的基础,也有助于更好地剖析水生生物对环境压力的响应关系.为探明土地利用对大型底栖动物FFGs（功能摄食类群）的影响,于2009年5月对太子河流域47个采样点（6个参照样点、41个受损样点）的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析其FFGs结构及与流域土地利用类型（森林用地、草业用地、农业用地和城镇用地）和环境因子的关系.结果表明:①受损样点的ALT（海拔）、WT（水温）、EC、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（PO₄3--P）均显著高于参照样点.②受损样点捕食者、刮食者与撕食者的相对丰度、丰富度及密度、直接收集者丰富度、刮食者的Shannon-Wiener指数及Pielou指数、直接收集者与捕食者Margalef指数和刮食者Simpson指数均显著低于参照样点,而直接收集者的相对丰度则显著高于参照样点.③Spearman相关性分析结果表明,农业用地和城镇用地比例增加会造成河流水质恶化及大型底栖动物FFGs结构发生变化.④CCA结果表明,EC是影响大型底栖动物FFGs结构分布的主要环境因子.研究显示,大型底栖动物FFGs对太子河流域农业活动与城镇化的响应敏感,可以为利用大型底栖动物FFGs监测流域环境压力提供理论支持.      

多级闸坝对大型底栖动物群落日漂流规律的影响

河流中底栖动物的漂流模式是维持群落动态稳定的重要因素,闸坝改变了河流原有的水文节律,阻隔了底栖动物纵向漂流的连续性,闸坝对河流大型底栖动物群落的影响机制是近年来河流纵向格局维持研究的热点问题.2018年8月选择神农架国家级保护区的九冲河,在上游参照点(S1)、第一级电站取水口下游(S2)和第二级电站取水口下游(S3)布设3个样点开展24 h的日漂流监测,研究多级闸坝对大型底栖动物漂流类群、漂流节律和β生物多样性的变化.结果表明:①九冲河漂流的主要优势类群为蜉蝣目和毛翅目.②受堰坝阻隔影响,各样点漂流最优势物种发生了变化,S1样点为四节蜉(Baetis sp.),S2样点为花翅蜉(Baetiella sp.),S3样点为舌石蛾(Glossosoma sp.).③尽管各样点仍然以双峰型漂流模式为主,但参照点S1为“alternans”型的夜漂流,而坝下S2和S3样点则为“bigeminus”型的夜漂流,前者漂流密度的最大值出现在黎明前,而后者则为日落后.④坝下(S2和S3)漂流底栖动物的物种数明显低于参照点(S1),单因素方差分析表明闸坝阻隔具有显著的累积效应,3个样点漂流底栖动物的生物量之间存在差异显著(P < 0.05),漂流密度在参照点S1和坝下(S2和S3)的差异显著(P < 0.05).⑤基于Bray-Curtis相似性的聚类分析表明,S2样点群落发生了明显的分化,其日间样品均与S3样点聚为一类,而夜间样品全部与S1样点聚为一类.⑥采用无度量多维度标定排序(NMDS)进行的β多样性分析表明,S1样点漂流群落的昼夜差异性最小,S3样点的差异性最大.研究显示,九冲河小水电梯级开发造成了漂流型大型底栖动物群落结构、漂流规律和β生物多样性发生变化,3个样点的漂流优势类群发生改变,β多样性的变化随梯级闸坝呈现明显的累积效应,从长期来看会对河流生态系统的稳定性和生态功能造成深远影响.      

Comparison of Macroinvertebrate‐Derived Stream Quality Metrics Between Snag and Riffle Habitats1

Abstract: We compared benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at snag and riffle habitats in 43 Wisconsin streams across a range of watershed urbanization using a variety of stream quality metrics. Discriminant analysis indicated that dominant taxa at riffles and snags differed; Hydropsychid caddisflies (Hydropsyche betteni and Cheumatopsyche spp.) and elmid beetles (Optioservus spp. and Stenemlis spp.) typified riffles, whereas isopods (Asellus intermedius) and amphipods (Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) predominated in snags. Analysis of covariance indicated that samples from snag and riffle habitats differed significantly in their response to the urbanization gradient for the Hilsenhoff biotic index (BI), Shannon’s diversity index, and percent of filterers, shredders, and pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) at each stream site (p ≤ 0.10). These differences suggest that although macroinvertebrate assemblages present in either habitat type are sensitive to detecting the effects of urbanization, metrics derived from different habitats should not be intermixed when assessing stream quality through biomonitoring. This can be a limitation to resource managers who wish to compare water quality among streams where the same habitat type is not available at all stream locations, or where a specific habitat type (i.e., a riffle) is required to determine a metric value (i.e., BI). To account for differences in stream quality at sites lacking riffle habitat, snag‐derived metric values can be adjusted based on those obtained from riffles that have been exposed to the same level of urbanization. Comparison of nonlinear regression equations that related stream quality metric values from the two habitat types to percent watershed urbanization indicated that snag habitats had on average 30.2 fewer percent EPT individuals, a lower diversity index value than riffles, and a BI value of 0.29 greater than riffles.     

Disturbance of the Macroinvertebrate communities of bank-root biotope of a river in southern Nigeria

The impact of disturbance on the macroinvertebrate community was investigated in the biotope of a river catchment area. A total of 56 and 18 taxa were recorded at Stations 1 and 2, accounting for 71 and 29% individual organisms, respectively. Twelve taxa were common at both stations. Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) constituted the predominant group with the 46% density at the upstream biotope of Station 1, whereas, family Hydrobidae (Mollusca) dominated numerically the downstream Station 2. Data revealed that months of sampling at stations significantly influenced the occurrence and abundance of the major groups. Three distinct patterns of seasonal affiliation among the benthos were observed. Monthly variation in species diversity occurred. The macroinvertebrate community was affected by disturbances at the downstream bank-root biotope, limiting the occurrence of life forms to a few adaptable groups.     

大型底栖无脊椎动物不同分类阶元对水生态评价的影响

以江苏苏北地区主要河流为研究对象,探讨底栖动物不同分类阶元对水生态评价的影响.结果表明,在仅包括软体动物、摇蚊和寡毛类物种水平和属级水平的nMDS排序图上,样点间的相对距离和位置未发生变化.与物种水平相比,属级水平丢失的信息(<5%)小于科级水平(7%),且分类单元数与物种水平分类单元数呈极显著正相关(r=0.88,P<0.01).鉴定至属级水平较物种级水平不仅可节省大量的人力、物力和时间,而且可降低鉴定错误的概率;鉴定水平的统一能提高不同地区生态评价结果的可比性.因此,建议在长三角河网地区开展水生态评价时,采用鉴定至属级水平的软体动物、摇蚊和寡毛类较为合适.      

城镇化对西苕溪大型底栖动物群落的影响

于2004—2010年5月对西苕溪流域20个参照点,5个中度干扰点以及2个重度干扰点的底栖动物进行了调查,共鉴定出74科190属226个种;受干扰后,底栖动物群落物种丰富度、EPT物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener多样性指数和B-IBI指数显著下降,BI指数显著升高。CCA分析结果表明,参照、中度和重点干扰样点的底栖动物群落差异明显。城镇化引起的溪流水温上升、营养盐升高、泥沙输入量增多和堤岸固化是导致溪流底栖动物群落退化的主要原因。