太子河流域土地利用对大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的影响

水生生物群落功能结构研究不仅是河流生态学的基础,也有助于更好地剖析水生生物对环境压力的响应关系.为探明土地利用对大型底栖动物FFGs（功能摄食类群）的影响,于2009年5月对太子河流域47个采样点（6个参照样点、41个受损样点）的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析其FFGs结构及与流域土地利用类型（森林用地、草业用地、农业用地和城镇用地）和环境因子的关系.结果表明:①受损样点的ALT（海拔）、WT（水温）、EC、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（PO₄3--P）均显著高于参照样点.②受损样点捕食者、刮食者与撕食者的相对丰度、丰富度及密度、直接收集者丰富度、刮食者的Shannon-Wiener指数及Pielou指数、直接收集者与捕食者Margalef指数和刮食者Simpson指数均显著低于参照样点,而直接收集者的相对丰度则显著高于参照样点.③Spearman相关性分析结果表明,农业用地和城镇用地比例增加会造成河流水质恶化及大型底栖动物FFGs结构发生变化.④CCA结果表明,EC是影响大型底栖动物FFGs结构分布的主要环境因子.研究显示,大型底栖动物FFGs对太子河流域农业活动与城镇化的响应敏感,可以为利用大型底栖动物FFGs监测流域环境压力提供理论支持.      

常州地区太湖流域上游水系大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构特征及其与环境的关系

2003年8月采用半定量采样法调查了常州地区太湖流域上游南河、运南、运北和洮滆水系29个样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物群落多样性,共获得113种大型底栖无脊椎动物,其中,腹足纲18种,瓣鳃纲10种,寡毛纲8种,蛭纲4种,甲壳纲6种,昆虫纲67种.优势种为霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata).该群落平均密度为658 m-2,其中,霍甫水丝蚓密度最高,达400 m-2.观山桥样点大型底栖无脊椎动物群落多样性最高,群落物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度和生态优势度分别为54,4.36,0.76和0.08.综合分析结果表明,群落多样性从高到低排序依次为南河水系、洮滆水系、运南水系、运北水系.出现频率在15%以上的24个物种与6种环境因子之间的典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,总氮、总磷和溶解氧对该地区大型底栖无脊椎动物群落多样性的影响较大.     

Comparison of Macroinvertebrate‐Derived Stream Quality Metrics Between Snag and Riffle Habitats1

Abstract: We compared benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at snag and riffle habitats in 43 Wisconsin streams across a range of watershed urbanization using a variety of stream quality metrics. Discriminant analysis indicated that dominant taxa at riffles and snags differed; Hydropsychid caddisflies (Hydropsyche betteni and Cheumatopsyche spp.) and elmid beetles (Optioservus spp. and Stenemlis spp.) typified riffles, whereas isopods (Asellus intermedius) and amphipods (Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) predominated in snags. Analysis of covariance indicated that samples from snag and riffle habitats differed significantly in their response to the urbanization gradient for the Hilsenhoff biotic index (BI), Shannon’s diversity index, and percent of filterers, shredders, and pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) at each stream site (p ≤ 0.10). These differences suggest that although macroinvertebrate assemblages present in either habitat type are sensitive to detecting the effects of urbanization, metrics derived from different habitats should not be intermixed when assessing stream quality through biomonitoring. This can be a limitation to resource managers who wish to compare water quality among streams where the same habitat type is not available at all stream locations, or where a specific habitat type (i.e., a riffle) is required to determine a metric value (i.e., BI). To account for differences in stream quality at sites lacking riffle habitat, snag‐derived metric values can be adjusted based on those obtained from riffles that have been exposed to the same level of urbanization. Comparison of nonlinear regression equations that related stream quality metric values from the two habitat types to percent watershed urbanization indicated that snag habitats had on average 30.2 fewer percent EPT individuals, a lower diversity index value than riffles, and a BI value of 0.29 greater than riffles.     

Disturbance of the Macroinvertebrate communities of bank-root biotope of a river in southern Nigeria

The impact of disturbance on the macroinvertebrate community was investigated in the biotope of a river catchment area. A total of 56 and 18 taxa were recorded at Stations 1 and 2, accounting for 71 and 29% individual organisms, respectively. Twelve taxa were common at both stations. Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) constituted the predominant group with the 46% density at the upstream biotope of Station 1, whereas, family Hydrobidae (Mollusca) dominated numerically the downstream Station 2. Data revealed that months of sampling at stations significantly influenced the occurrence and abundance of the major groups. Three distinct patterns of seasonal affiliation among the benthos were observed. Monthly variation in species diversity occurred. The macroinvertebrate community was affected by disturbances at the downstream bank-root biotope, limiting the occurrence of life forms to a few adaptable groups.     

大型底栖无脊椎动物不同分类阶元对水生态评价的影响

以江苏苏北地区主要河流为研究对象,探讨底栖动物不同分类阶元对水生态评价的影响.结果表明,在仅包括软体动物、摇蚊和寡毛类物种水平和属级水平的nMDS排序图上,样点间的相对距离和位置未发生变化.与物种水平相比,属级水平丢失的信息(<5%)小于科级水平(7%),且分类单元数与物种水平分类单元数呈极显著正相关(r=0.88,P<0.01).鉴定至属级水平较物种级水平不仅可节省大量的人力、物力和时间,而且可降低鉴定错误的概率;鉴定水平的统一能提高不同地区生态评价结果的可比性.因此,建议在长三角河网地区开展水生态评价时,采用鉴定至属级水平的软体动物、摇蚊和寡毛类较为合适.      

COAL ASH BASIN EFFECTS (PARTICULATES,METALS, ACIDIC pH) UPON AQUATIC BIOTA: AN EIGHT-YEAR EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT Coal ash effluent effects including particulates, acidic pH excursions, elemental concentrations and bioconcentration in selected organisms have been studied as changes in water quality and densities of benthic macroinvertebrate and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations in a swamp drainage system over an eight-year period. Three changes in the ash basin settling system were made between mid- 1973 and January 1982. Initial density of the aquatic biota was altered severely by heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic pH excursions and perhaps overall by elemental concentrations and bioaccumulation. Heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic Ph excursions (mean of 5.5, extreme of 3.5) after the addition of fly ash to the original settling basin system, had the most profound effect on biota. Dipterans (chironomids) and some odonates (Plathemis lydia and Libellula spp.) were resistant to heavy ash siltation, while mosquitofish, which showed no discernible responses to ash siltation, were absent at acidic pH, along with the few previously surviving invertebrate populations. Elemental concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, selenium, and zinc did not appear to limit aquatic flora and fauna on a short-term, acute basis. Long, chronic elemental exposures may have been instrumental in retarding the recovery of all forms of aquatic life in the receiving system. Elemental concentrations (except for arsenic and selenium) in the receiving system were generally one to two orders of magnitude higher than the Water Quality Criteria set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1980) for protection of aquatic life for the minimum and 24-hour mean values. From collective elemental exposures in the receiving system, bioconcentration factors in macrophytes, invertebrates and fish were generally lower than those reported in the literature for laboratory, single elemental concentrations. By 1978, when the new settling basin systems were operating effectively, invertebrate populations were largely recovered, and mosquitofish populations recovered within one year afterward.     

香溪河附石性大型底栖动物功能摄食类群研究

利用1∶50 000地形图对香溪河进行划分,显示香溪河为一条6级河流。分析包括捕食者(PR)、撕食者(SH)、刮食者(SC)、直接收集者（GC）和过滤收集者(FC)在内的5个主要功能摄食类群的组成,发现香溪河主要摄食类群以直接收集者和刮食者为主。各功能摄食类群的密度和生物量随着河流级别的变化而发生变化,基本趋势为：直接收集者和滤食者的密度和生物量都随着河流级别的增加而增大;撕食者和刮食者的密度和生物量的密度随着河流级别的增加而减小;而捕食者在整个流域内的密度上游小于下游,生物量却是上游大于下游。研究结果表明香溪河在夏季其上游物质来源以附石性藻类生产为主,下游则以异源性细有机颗粒输入为主。此外,功能摄食类群的密度与部分环境因子具有显著的相关性：过滤收集者与Ca2+和河宽相关,收集者与SiO2相关显著,刮食者与海拔和氨氮相关性较高,撕食者与电导和PO4 P相关性较高.     

影响浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构的环境因子分析

于2012年5~6月对浑太河流域66个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查采样.共采集到大型底栖动物72(属)种,其中水生昆虫51(属)种,占70.83%,环节动物7(属)种,占9.72%;节肢动物(属)4种,占5.56%;软体动物(属)10种,占13.89%.首先,采用相关分析从6类28个候选指标中筛选出EPT分类单元数、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、蜉蝣目相对丰度、毛翅目相对丰度、软体动物相对丰度、扁蜉科/蜉蝣目相对丰度、纹石蛾科/毛翅目相对丰度、寡毛类动物相对丰度、敏感类群相对丰度、耐污类群相对丰度、收集者相对丰度、黏附者相对丰度、香农-威纳多样性指数共13个指标用于表征浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构特征.然后,利用RDA方法分析了自然环境因子和反映人类活动压力的环境因子对大型底栖动物空间分异的影响.利用偏冗余分析(pRDA)比较了自然环境因子与人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构影响的大小,以及流域、河岸缓冲区和河段尺度人类活动压力因子对大型底栖动物的影响.结果表明,所有环境因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间变异的72.23%.纳入分析的人类活动压力因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的48.9%,纳入分析的自然环境因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的11.8%.河段尺度人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构空间分异影响最显著.河段尺度人类活动压力因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间分异的35.3%,其中,显著环境因子p H、栖息地质量、总氮、高锰酸盐指数、硬度、电导率、总溶解颗粒物和氨氮分别解释了4%、3.6%、1.8%、1.7%、1.7%、0.9%、0.9%和0.9%的底栖动物群落结构空间分异.河岸缓冲区和流域尺度土地利用对大型底栖动物空间分异的贡献分别为10%和7%.最后,采用相关分析比较了流域和河岸缓冲区尺度土地利用与水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质的关系,结果表明流域尺度土地利用能更好地表征河流水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质状况,也说明不同尺度环境因子对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响有联合效应.     

城市河流沉水植物与大型底栖动物群落的关系

城市河流渠道化造成河流水生态系统普遍退化,重建水生生物栖息地,修复城市河流水生态系统成为近年来的研究热点.针对水生植物修复对大型底栖动物群落演替影响的科学问题,选择北京清河4个沉水植物修复河段为研究区域,于2012~2013年期间开展河流大型水生植物与大型底栖动物的季节动态监测,利用聚类分析、排序分析和方差分析比较水生植物修复区和对照区的大型底栖动物群落差异.研究结果表明采用沉水植物修复对大型底栖动物的密度、生物多样性和群落结构的稳定恢复具有显著效果,但不同叶片形态的沉水植物中底栖动物的密度、物种数、生物多样性和功能摄食类群的组间方差不显著,表明采用不同形态植被修复对大型底栖动物群落的恢复和次生演替的生态效应较为一致.大型底栖动物以直接收集者为绝对优势类群,表明沉水植物通过稳定局部微生境的底质和流速条件,为大型底栖动物提供更为适宜的生境条件,促进河流沉积物中的有机质转化.     

城镇化对西苕溪大型底栖动物群落的影响

于2004—2010年5月对西苕溪流域20个参照点,5个中度干扰点以及2个重度干扰点的底栖动物进行了调查,共鉴定出74科190属226个种;受干扰后,底栖动物群落物种丰富度、EPT物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener多样性指数和B-IBI指数显著下降,BI指数显著升高。CCA分析结果表明,参照、中度和重点干扰样点的底栖动物群落差异明显。城镇化引起的溪流水温上升、营养盐升高、泥沙输入量增多和堤岸固化是导致溪流底栖动物群落退化的主要原因。