COMPUTER-OPTIMIZED STORMWATER TREATMENT (COST) PROGRAM: PHILADELPHIA CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Two computer models, the Continuous Stormwater Pollution Simulation System (CSPSS) and the Computer Optimized Storm-water Treatment Program (COST), were developed to aid in performing water quality planning. This paper describes COST and its site specific applications to the Philadelphia urban area, using the results from an updated CSPSS receiving water simulation. COST provides a planning and conceptual design tool to identify the economically optimum combination of wet weather and dry weather pollution abatement alternatives. Economic analysis procedures incorporated are based on production theory and marginal cost analysis. This study demonstrates that by transforming BOD removal to reduction in low DO events, using CSPSS results, the benefits associated with pollutant removal can be accounted for explicitly by COST simulations. This is important because a pound of BOD removed from combined sewer overflow may be of more benefit to the receiving water than a pound of BOD removed from urban stormwater runoff. The selection of a pollution control strategy is often a difficult decision which should consider social, political, financial, and regulatory factors. It is suggested that such a selection can be based on evaluating the tradeoffs between total annual costs and receiving water improvements, as determined using the COST and CSPSS programs.     

SEWER AND WATER PRICING AND INVESTMENT POLICIES TO IMPLEMENT URBAN GROWTH POLICY1

ABSTRACT. The article proposes the use of certain water and sewer extension pricing and investment policies. Such policies would complement an urban growth policy designed to guide the location and timing of growth in urbanizing areas. Proposed pricing policies are based upon marginal cost principles. The types of pricing policies discussed include benefit assessments, connection fees, and user charges. Proposed investment policies deal with the division of financing responsiblities between the public and private sectors. Discussion of each proposal explains the economic influence of the proposed policies upon key decision makers in the land development process. The application of proposed pricing and investment policies in the case study communities is mixed. In Knoxville, Tennessee, where pricing and investment policies reflect the proposed policies, no urban growth policy exists. In Lexington, Kentucky, mixed pricing and investment policies do not complement what is a relatively good urban growth policy. In Greensboro, North Carolina, reasonably effective pricing and investment policies complement other policies which provide some guidance to the urban growth pattern. It is hoped that the article will increase the recognition of utility pricing and investment policies as one means of implementing urban growth policy.     

THE IMPACT OF PRESSURE SEWERS ON THE NATION'S WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT. Over the last few years, several studies sponsored by both government and interested national engineering associations have evaluated the relative merits of pressure sewer systems. Surprisingly little data has been forthcoming, however, with regard to the effects of pressure sewers on both the economics of land development and the country's water resources. The intention of our paper is to detail the salutary effects of pressure sewers on water supply resources, the indirect effect on other resources by decreasing the contribution of sanitary sewage to their pollution, and to illustrate where, in some locations of the country, pressure sewers would benefit the economics of land development. As engineers from a large industrial firm that has built hardware that will allow the concepts stated above to become realities, we will present data to enforce our convictions. Some effects on municipal treatment plants, and emplacement costs of the system are described. Since the main thrust of our paper is to treat the effect of pressure sanitary sewers on the water resources of the country, specific peripheral data is not presented at length. The pressure sewer effects on lowering water usage in homes and the decrease in groundwater contamination by replacing septic tanks with pressure sewers in selected locations is presented. Advanced technology concepts such as energy assisted sewer systems should be considered as a favorable economic manner in which to preserve selected water resources. During the 1965 drought that affected the Northeastern section of the U.S., a federal government document reported that there was really no shortage of water, but that present water resources lacked management. Pressure sewers may be a water resources management tool and an effective one if not promulgated as a cure-all for the water pollution problems facing this nation.     

城市污水管网中不同生化作用的基质流向

为研究城市污水管网中有机污染物在生物代谢反应过程中的利用机制,通过运行以实际管网沉积物为底物和以人工配置沉积物为底物的不同模拟条件下的污水管网中试系统,对比分析了管网中污水与沉积物之间COD、甲烷、硝态氮和硫酸根的迁移转化特性.结果表明,污水在模拟管网中流动一周期内,污水中COD的总变化量为170.58 mg·L~(-1),其中,由沉积作用导致COD的变化量为101.53 mg·L~(-1),由生化作用导致COD的变化量为69.05 mg·L~(-1).同时,在微生物的代谢作用下,管网甲烷产量为7.39 mg·L~(-1);污水中硝态氮减少量为0.33 mg·L~(-1);硫酸根减少量为21.35 mg·L~(-1),依据公式推算,在污水管网运行过程中,发酵产甲烷过程消耗的COD为32.51 mg·L~(-1);反硝化作用消耗的COD为8.04 mg·L~(-1);硫酸盐还原菌还原硫酸盐消耗的COD为6.41 mg·L~(-1).由此可知,沉积作用导致的COD变化量占COD总变化量的65.38%;生化作用导致的COD变化量占COD总变化量的34.62%,而发酵产甲烷、反硝化作用和硫酸盐还原菌还原硫酸盐这三项生化代谢作用消耗的COD共占生化作用降解COD的68.01%,该结果表明,沉积作用是污水管网中有机污染物去除的主要方式,而发酵产甲烷、反硝化作用和硫酸盐还原菌还原硫酸根是管网中生化作用去除有机污染物的重要过程.     

Probability mass first flush evaluation for combined sewer discharges

The Korea government has put in a lot of e ort to construct sanitation facilities for controlling non-point source pollution. The first flush phenomenon is a prime example of such pollution. However, to date, several serious problems have arisen in the operation and treatment e ectiveness of these facilities due to unsuitable design flow volumes and pollution loads. It is di cult to assess the optimal flow volume and pollution mass when considering both monetary and temporal limitations. The objective of this article was to characterize the discharge of storm runo pollution from urban catchments in Korea and to estimate the probability of mass first flush (MFFn) using the storm water management model and probability density functions. As a result of the review of gauged storms for the representative using probability density function with rainfall volumes during the last two years, all the gauged storms were found to be valid representative precipitation. Both the observed MFFn and probability MFFn in BE-1 denoted similarly large magnitudes of first flush with roughly 40% of the total pollution mass contained in the first 20% of the runo . In the case of BE-2, however, there were significant di erence between the observed MFFn and probability MFFn.     

A comprehensive simulation approach for pollutant bio-transformation in the gravity sewer

A comprehensive pollutant transformation model for sewer systems is established. The model comprises fermentation, sulfate reduction and ammonification processes. Biochemical reactions related to distinct carbon sources are depicted in the model. Pollutant transformation is attributed to different biochemical reaction processes. Presently, several activated sludge models (ASMs) have been developed to describe a few biochemical processes. However, the commonly used ASM neither clearly describe the migratory transformation characteristics of fermentation nor depict the relationship between the carbon source and biochemical reactions. In addition, these models also do not describe both ammonification and the integrated metabolic processes in sewage transportation. In view of these limitations, we developed a new and comprehensive model that introduces anaerobic fermentation into the ASM and simulates the process of sulfate reduction, ammonification, hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis in a gravity sewer. The model correctly predicts the transformation of organics including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, etc. The simulation results show that the degradation of organics easily generates acetic acid in the sewer system and the high yield of acetic acid is closely linked to methanogenic metabolism. Moreover, propionic acid is the crucial substrate for sulfate reduction and ammonification tends to be affected by the concentration of amino acids. Our model provides a promising tool for simulating and predicting outcomes in response to variations in wastewater quality in sewers.     

城市雨水管网降雨径流污染特征及对受纳水体水质的影响

以北京市城区和近郊区选取的2个不同下垫面类型的汇水小流域为代表,在2008—2009年共进行了4场降雨过程的雨水管网出口和下游受纳水体水质同步监测.研究结果表明,分流制雨水管网降雨径流污染严重,其中悬浮物浓度高于城市污水,COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮浓度略低于城市污水,但明显高于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中的Ⅴ类标准,以及《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中的一级B标准;木樨园小流域由于绿地面积比例小,道路面积比例大,城乡结合部地带环境卫生相对较差,雨水管网降雨径流各污染物的EMC浓度比西蒲小流域高21.4%—246.5%.雨水管网降雨径流存在一定程度的初期冲刷效应;雨水管网降雨径流中COD和总磷与悬浮物之间具有较强的相关性.管网降雨径流使受纳水体污染物浓度升高16.9%—541.7%,其中悬浮物、COD和氨氮升高幅度最大.增加城市绿地可明显降低降雨径流中的悬浮颗粒物及其携带的有机污染物的含量.     

Stormwater runoff pollution loads from an urban catchment with rainy climate in China

An older urban district in Wuhan, China, is transitioning from discharging sewage and stormwater directly into lakes, to directing the sewage to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Dealing with polluted stormwater discharge is a great challenge. Stormwater runoff from an urban catchment with a combined sewer system was sampled and analyzed over a three-year period. Results indicate that wet weather flows account for 66%, 31%, 17%, and 13% of the total load of suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. The first flush of COD and SS was significant in all runoff events. More than 50% of the SS and COD loads were transported by the first 30% of runoff volume. Storage and treatment of the first 10 mm from each combined sewer overflow event could reduce more than 70% of the annual COD overflow load. An integrated solution is recommended, consisting of a tank connected to the WWTP and a detention pond, to store and treat the combined sewer overflow (CSO). These results may be helpful in mitigating CSO pollution for many other urban areas in China and other developing countries.     

不同水力条件下排水管道生物膜中氮元素分布特性

在壁面剪切力为1.0,1.5,2.0Pa条件下培养排水管道生物膜,利用微电极测试技术对生物膜进行生长过程及成熟生物膜内部DO、NH4+、NO2-、NO3-分布规律进行研究.结果表明:1.0,1.5,2.0Pa条件下培养的生物膜厚度分别为(2.3±0.1),(1.9±0.1),(1.6±0.1)mm;1.0,1.5Pa条件下的生物膜内存在好氧、缺氧环境,在其中发生了硝化和反硝化反应,而2.0Pa条件下的生物膜内只存在好氧环境,只发生了硝化反应.生物膜厚度影响着溶解氧在膜内的分布,继而影响着N在膜内的迁移转化过程.     

基于节点水质监测的污水管网破损位置判定方法

提出基于管网检查井水质特征因子监测,并结合管网和污染源地理信息系统,解析污水管段的地下水入渗量和破损程度,以解决逐段物探或流量检测成本高且难以实施的问题.采用安赛蜜作为生活污水的水质特征因子,对安徽省巢湖市某污水厂服务范围（14.4km²）的污水管网系统地下水入渗量进行了空间分布解析,并识别出管网严重破损位置.结果表明：①基于划分管网节点的分段地下水入渗量解析,其总的入渗量解析结果与基于总体水量平衡的解析结果相对误差为21.0%,与典型管段流量监测结果的相对误差为5.4%,表明建立的方法是可靠的;②占污水管网总长0.3%的局部管段,其地下水入渗量占到总入渗水量的23.0%.因此,对局部破损管段进行修复,可以显著降低整个管网系统的破损程度.据此还提出了应用该方法的基本原则.