亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺细菌形态及多样性研究

采用电镜观察和分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺中的细菌进行了形态和多样性研究,从16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选60(61)个克隆子进行序列测定(约500bp),对测序结果进行BLAST比对和系统发育分析.结果表明,亚硝化段内的细菌主要为球状和椭球状的氨氧化细菌,以亚硝酸氮作为进水基质时,电化学反硝化生物段内细菌主要为短杆状和椭球状的脱氮菌.亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化脱氮系统中蕴藏着特有的微生物新资源.亚硝化段细菌类群的优势顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(60.00%)、Bacteroidetes类群(28.33%)和Chloroflexi类群(11.67%).当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(429～543mg.L-1)和氨氮(412～525mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria(78.33%)类群和ε-Proteobacteria类群(21.67%);当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(519～578mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(81.97%)、ε-Proteobacteria(16.39%)类群和γ-Proteobacteria类群(1.64%);优势类群变化不大,但每种类群中细菌的种类和数量变化较大,这主要是由进水基质变化导致.     

亚硝酸盐积累对A~2O工艺生物除磷的影响

常温条件下,通过控制好氧区DO浓度为0.3～0.5 mg/L,同时增大系统内回流比以降低系统好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2O工艺中成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化.但随着系统出水亚硝酸盐含量的升高,系统对磷的去除效果逐渐恶化.当好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度19 mg/L时,系统出水磷浓度大于进水磷浓度,系统处于净释磷状态.通过对原水COD浓度、反应区温度、pH值、游离亚硝酸浓度(free nitrous acid,FNA)等分析,表明碳源不足及短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累影响了聚磷菌厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷;尤其是好氧区较高的FNA浓度(HNO2-N 0.002～0.003 mg/L)对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制是导致系统除磷效果恶化的直接原因.通过外投碳源提高原水COD浓度,提高了聚磷菌厌氧释磷合成PHA的能力;同时增强了系统的反硝化能力,降低好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度,从而降低FNA对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制程度,系统的除磷性能可迅速恢复;系统对磷的去除率可达96%以上.     

A~2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺处理低C/N比生活污水脱氮除磷

以低C/N比实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了A2/O-曝气生物滤池生化系统的脱氮除磷特性.同时,考虑到A2/O工艺的主要功能是除磷及反硝化,而曝气生物滤池则以硝化为目的.因此,通过缩短A2/O的泥龄,可将硝化过程从A2/O中分离出去,让曝气生物滤池完成硝化,实现硝化菌和聚磷菌的分离,并解决了硝化菌和聚磷菌泥龄之间的矛盾.试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步去除.在平均C/N比为4.2,内回流比R为250%的条件下,平均进水COD、TN、TP分别为239.9、57.3和5.1mg·L-1,平均最终出水COD、TN、TP分别为34.1、13.3和0.1mg·L-1,去除率分别为85.8%、76.9%和98.3%.曝气生物滤池对氨氮几乎保持了100%的去除率.序批试验表明,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为40.5%.     

序批式颗粒污泥系统中磷的变化和去向分析

在实验室序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理系统中以普通活性污泥为接种污泥,采用厌氧-好氧的运行方式提高系统的除磷效果.同时培养颗粒污泥,并对系统中磷的变化和去向进行分析.结果表明,整个试验共运行146 d,成熟颗粒污泥平均粒径为603μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)约为30 mL.g-1,COD去除率可达90%,磷的去除率可达95%左右.颗粒污泥系统除厌氧放磷和好氧聚磷以外,还存在明显的污泥颗粒积磷现象.磷的去除途径主要为:系统排泥(出水悬浮物和专门排泥)和污泥积磷.由厌氧末期颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果可知,化学沉淀是污泥积磷的一种重要方式,大量的金属离子会与磷形成无机盐沉积在污泥颗粒上.     

纳米铁系材料与反硝化细菌复合去除地下水硝酸盐氮研究

采用不同液相还原法制备了纳米Fe、纳米Fe/Ni和油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe粒子,并将其与反硝化细菌复合应用于地下水中硝酸盐氮的去除研究中.分别考察了不同纳米铁系材料与反硝化细菌复合体系去除硝酸盐氮的反应速率及对脱氮产物生成的影响.同时,从核糖核酸(RNA)水平考察了不同纳米铁系材料对反硝化细菌的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe/Ni复合体系脱氮速率最快,6d内对硝酸盐氮的去除率可达到100%,最终产物主要为氨氮,占体系总氮的69%;而纳米Fe和油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe复合体系9d可将硝酸盐氮100%去除,氨氮的转化率分别为52%和16%.另外,从反应前后反硝化细菌总RNA浓度的变化情况看,纳米Fe/Ni复合体系、纳米Fe复合体系和油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe复合体系的反硝化细菌总RNA浓度分别降低了93%、40%和34%,可见3种纳米铁系材料对反硝化细菌毒性大小顺序为:纳米Fe/Ni纳米Fe油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe.     

An autotrophic nitrogen removal process：Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate

A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

Evaluation of phosphorus removal from wastewater by soils in rural areas in China

Low-cost, easy-maintenance and high-e ciency decentralized wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed in rural areas of China. Processes with high potential for phosphorus removal are of great interest. However, commonly used treatment methods often do not meet the strict criteria for removing phosphorus from rural wastewater. In order to search an economic and simple technology for phosphorus removal from the common bio-technologies e uent, seven soil types collected from di erent rural areas in China were investigated for their ability to remove phosphorus. X-ray di raction (XRD) was used to analyse the mineral structure, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the geochemical composition of the soil samples. Three primary minerals – quartz, albite and montmorillonite – were clearly detected. The samples were divided into two soil types, acidic soils and alkaline soils, based on their pH values. The geochemical composition study indicated that a higher percentage of Ca and Mg occurred in alkaline soils (pH > 8) than in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Adsorption isotherms from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich models well, the maximum P adsorption capacities ranged from 0.256 to 1.598 mg P/g, indicating a high phosphorus removal potential for all of these soils. The P fractions extracted revealed that the sum of NaOH-extracted inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) was the major P component in the acidic soils, and CaCO3-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the alkaline soils. Dynamic adsorption simulation showed that these soils have the ability to remove phosphorus from wastewater.     

SBR工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮特性研究

采用有效容积为1 200 m3的SBR反应器处理晚期垃圾渗滤液,进行生物脱氮特性研究.结果表明,通过投加粪水调节进水C/N,能显著提高SBR反应器对晚期垃圾渗滤液中氮素污染物的去除效果,其中第112~136 d的TN平均去除率高达82.62%,出水TN≤190 mg.L-1,COD≤400 mg.L-1;能在反应器内达到各种生物脱氮反应的平衡状态,BOD5与TN去除量的比值稳定在1.43左右.在稳定平衡阶段,通过对反应器内氮素污染物和SO24-的含量变化进行周期跟踪监测,发现在搅拌回流阶段存在NH4+-N和SO24-的同时等比例去除现象,去除率分别为27.06%和76.17%,反应器内存在同步硝化反硝化和同步脱氮除硫(SO24-)过程;量化分析了反应器内各种生物脱氮反应,得到异养反硝化、同步硝化反硝化、同化作用、同步脱氮除硫(SO24-)和内源呼吸反硝化对TN去除量的贡献率分别为62.6%、33.8%、7.0%、26.1%和2.7%.     

附积床生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮特性

基于传统的生物膜技术开发了新型的附积床生物膜反应器并考察其脱氮效果.结果表明,在不同HRT下可以获得稳定的COD去除效果,平均去除率达81.7%;在水力停留时间为3.90 h,NH+4-N、TN的平均负荷分别为0.47 kg/(m3.d)、0.59kg/(m3.d)时,可以获得NH+4-N 92.7%和TN 67.5%的去除效果.实验中混合液的溶解氧浓度(DO)是影响TN去除效果的最重要因素,pH是影响NH4+-N、TN去除效果的重要因素之一,最佳脱氮效果的控制条件为DO在0.1～2.0 mg/L之间,pH值在7.0～7.5之间,分析了实验中同步硝化反硝化脱氮的机制.