Modeling the e ects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation a ect mercury removal e ciently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor a ecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation e ciency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal e ciency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%–96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%–68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal e ciency was 95.9%–98.0%, and there was a big di erence in the total mercury removal e ciencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.     

北京市道路空气中NO_x现状监测及控制对策

通过对北京城市3种典型交通道路空气中NOx的时空变化监测发现,城市道路空气NOx中NO分担率主要集中在31.6%～81.1%,明显高于非交通道路中NO的分担率(3.0%～34.0%).其原因是NO主要来源于机动车尾气的排放.利用MOBILE软件计算了各类机动车排放的ρ(NOx),并相应地确定了影响交通道路中ρ(NOx)的敏感因素.据此提出了北京市交通道路空气中NOx若干控制措施,如控制车速、车型、油料等.     

环保部发布《2009年中国环境状况公报》

环境保护部日前发布《2009年中国环境状况公报》。今年是“十一五”最后一年,主要污染物排放总量减少10％的约束性指标能否完成,是社会关注的焦点。     

节能应以市场手段为主

中国“十一五”规划纲要提出,“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值能耗降低20％左右,主要污染物排放总量减少10％。实现“十一五”节能和减排目标,是政府提出的一项硬性任务,行政约束性比较强。     

我国湖泊富营养化防治与控制策略研究进展

随着全球人口的不断增加,工业化、城市化以及农业现代化的快速推进,湖泊富营养化问题已日益成为全球性的水环境污染问题。近年来,我国经济发展提速,资源利用强度加大,导致湖泊氮、磷营养盐严重富集,某些湖泊生态系统结构遭受破坏,功能紊乱,一些区域的湖泊蓝藻水华频繁爆发,湖泊富营养化呈现迅猛发展的趋势,并对区域经济发展与生产、生活用水保障带来挑战。尽管为了防控湖泊富营养化,我国各级政府投入了大量人力与物力,但在一些湖泊富营养化频繁区,一些防治与控制措施还没有收到理想而满意的效果。文章在综述国内外湖泊富营养化防治与控制策略研究的基础上,阐述了我国在富营养化研究方面存在的主要问题,提出了我国湖泊富营养化分区、分类控制的新思路。     

区域协同机制在太湖主要入湖河流污染控制中的应用——以太[氵鬲]南运河为例

太湖流域属于平原河网区,水系相互连通.单一河流的整治往往不能解决问题,而是需要整个区域的协同控制.区域成员在统一规划的运作下,建立协同机制,加强区域间协作,实现所有区域的信息共享,提高污染治理效率,从而构成公平、共赢的局面,进而保持区域的经济、社会、环境协调发展.     

能源发展的资源环境约束条件分析

随着经济的高速增长,我国对能源的需求也将持续增长,能源短缺和环境污染的压力也会随之增加,而环境容量的过度使用,又会反过来约束能源的发展。在＂十二五＂期间确定我国的能源发展方向将成为我们重点研究的问题,对我国能源供应和消费现状进行调查研究,提出近几年来我国的能源生产总量持续小于能源消费总量,供需缺口呈现逐步上升的趋势。在此基础上,全面和系统的梳理环境质量、功能分区、总量控制和低碳经济等能源发展的环境约束条件,有助于实现能源的可持续发展,并且为进一步改革现有的能源环境政策提供参考。     

基于实时控制的智能控制在废水处理中的应用

针对废水处理系统具有时变性、非线性、复杂性和不确定性等特点,提出采用智能控制对其进行实时有效控制从而提高处理效率、降低能耗,对智能控制的主要分支模糊控制、神经网络控制和专家系统进行讨论,介绍总结了国内外专家学者应用智能控制技术实现水处理中实时控制的最新动态。结果表明,废水处理系统采用智能控制可以有效地实现实时控制,提高处理效率、降低能耗和成本。     

实验室检验服务中的风险因素与防范措施

随着风险社会的到来,人类在生产方式、社会结构、生活方式、思维方式等各个方面都发生了重大变化。如何强化实验室风险管理,确保检验安全,是实验室管理者在风险社会背景下面临的严峻挑战。探讨了基于风险的实验室检验服务风险因素及其防范措施,旨在为实验室管理提供了一个逻辑合理、脉络清晰的流程,以期使实验室管理和各责任方能够更深刻地理解检验风险及相关防范措施的充分性和有效性。