亚硝酸盐积累对A~2O工艺生物除磷的影响

常温条件下,通过控制好氧区DO浓度为0.3～0.5 mg/L,同时增大系统内回流比以降低系统好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2O工艺中成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化.但随着系统出水亚硝酸盐含量的升高,系统对磷的去除效果逐渐恶化.当好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度19 mg/L时,系统出水磷浓度大于进水磷浓度,系统处于净释磷状态.通过对原水COD浓度、反应区温度、pH值、游离亚硝酸浓度(free nitrous acid,FNA)等分析,表明碳源不足及短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累影响了聚磷菌厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷;尤其是好氧区较高的FNA浓度(HNO2-N 0.002～0.003 mg/L)对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制是导致系统除磷效果恶化的直接原因.通过外投碳源提高原水COD浓度,提高了聚磷菌厌氧释磷合成PHA的能力;同时增强了系统的反硝化能力,降低好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度,从而降低FNA对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制程度,系统的除磷性能可迅速恢复;系统对磷的去除率可达96%以上.     

A~2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺处理低C/N比生活污水脱氮除磷

以低C/N比实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了A2/O-曝气生物滤池生化系统的脱氮除磷特性.同时,考虑到A2/O工艺的主要功能是除磷及反硝化,而曝气生物滤池则以硝化为目的.因此,通过缩短A2/O的泥龄,可将硝化过程从A2/O中分离出去,让曝气生物滤池完成硝化,实现硝化菌和聚磷菌的分离,并解决了硝化菌和聚磷菌泥龄之间的矛盾.试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步去除.在平均C/N比为4.2,内回流比R为250%的条件下,平均进水COD、TN、TP分别为239.9、57.3和5.1mg·L-1,平均最终出水COD、TN、TP分别为34.1、13.3和0.1mg·L-1,去除率分别为85.8%、76.9%和98.3%.曝气生物滤池对氨氮几乎保持了100%的去除率.序批试验表明,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为40.5%.     

An autotrophic nitrogen removal process：Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate

A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate.     

Efficiency of white lupin in the removal of mercury from contaminated soils： Soil and hydroponic experiments

This study examined the ability of the white lupin to remove mercury (Hg) from a hydroponic system (Hg concentrations 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L) and from soil in pots and lysimeters (total Hg concentration (19.2 ± 1.9) mg/kg availability 0.07%, and (28.9 ± 0.4) mg/kg availability 0.09%, respectively), and investigated the accumulation and distribution of Hg in different parts of the plant. White lupin roots efficiently took up Hg, but its translocation to the harvestable parts of the plant was low. The Hg concentration in the seeds posed no risk to human health according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, but the shoots should not be used as fodder for livestock, at least when unmixed with other fodder crops. The accumulation of Hg in the hydroponically-grown plants was linear over the concentration range tested. The amount of Hg retained in the roots, relative to the shoots, was almost constant irrespective of Hg dose (90%). In the soil experiments, Hg accumulation increased with exposure time and was the greater in the lysimeter than in the pot experiments. Although Hg removal was the greater in the hydroponic system, revealing the potential of the white lupin to extract Hg, bioaccumulation was the greatest in the lysimeter-grown plants; the latter system more likely reflects the true behaviour of white lupin in the field when Hg availability is a factor that limits Hg removal. The present results suggest that the white lupin could be used in long-term soil reclamation strategies that include the goal of profitable land use in Hg-polluted areas.     

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation a ect mercury removal e ciently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor a ecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation e ciency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal e ciency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%–96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%–68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal e ciency was 95.9%–98.0%, and there was a big di erence in the total mercury removal e ciencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.     

济南秋季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的在线观测

2008年9月29日—10月15日使用大气细颗粒物快速捕集系统实时、在线分析了济南秋季PM2.5中水溶性离子的质量浓度,并结合气象资料和部分前体物(SO2,NOx和O3)浓度进行了相关分析.结果表明:济南秋季燃煤污染严重,SO42-,NO3-和NH4+是大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要组分,三者质量浓度之和占总水溶性离子(TW SI)质量浓度的90%以上;SO42-污染物主要受远距离传输的影响,NO3-和NH4+污染物主要受局地源的影响;SO42-和NO3-的昼夜形成机理不同,它们的形成过程主要受相对湿度、温度和O3浓度的影响.周边地区生物质燃烧导致了济南重污染天气的产生,降水对污染物的清除作用较强.对比土壤和海盐中各种离子的质量浓度比可知,济南秋季PM2.5中的K+受生物质燃烧的影响较大,C l-主要来源于海盐和生物质燃烧,Na+主要来源于海盐.     

填充床快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器及其脱氮性能研究

以城市污水厂二沉池污泥为种泥,以悬浮填料填充床生物膜反应器为厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器,采用高负荷培养法和好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法分别培养与富集厌氧氨氧化菌,并研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法可以在较短时间内(90 d左右)快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,稳定期反应器出水氨氮和亚硝氮保持稳定,去除率均接近100%,总氮去除率在75%以上,高负荷培养法因高浓度氨氮和亚硝氮的抑制作用而启动失败(190d).启动过程中pH变化表明,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水pH略高于进水,pH值可用作厌氧氨氧化反应器启动进程的指示参数.上流式厌氧填充床ANAMMOX反应器具有高负荷和高效率的优点,当反应器进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度低于800 mg/L时,其去除率几乎达100%,低于国家一级标准.     

SBR工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮特性研究

采用有效容积为1 200 m3的SBR反应器处理晚期垃圾渗滤液,进行生物脱氮特性研究.结果表明,通过投加粪水调节进水C/N,能显著提高SBR反应器对晚期垃圾渗滤液中氮素污染物的去除效果,其中第112~136 d的TN平均去除率高达82.62%,出水TN≤190 mg.L-1,COD≤400 mg.L-1;能在反应器内达到各种生物脱氮反应的平衡状态,BOD5与TN去除量的比值稳定在1.43左右.在稳定平衡阶段,通过对反应器内氮素污染物和SO24-的含量变化进行周期跟踪监测,发现在搅拌回流阶段存在NH4+-N和SO24-的同时等比例去除现象,去除率分别为27.06%和76.17%,反应器内存在同步硝化反硝化和同步脱氮除硫(SO24-)过程;量化分析了反应器内各种生物脱氮反应,得到异养反硝化、同步硝化反硝化、同化作用、同步脱氮除硫(SO24-)和内源呼吸反硝化对TN去除量的贡献率分别为62.6%、33.8%、7.0%、26.1%和2.7%.     

附积床生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮特性

基于传统的生物膜技术开发了新型的附积床生物膜反应器并考察其脱氮效果.结果表明,在不同HRT下可以获得稳定的COD去除效果,平均去除率达81.7%;在水力停留时间为3.90 h,NH+4-N、TN的平均负荷分别为0.47 kg/(m3.d)、0.59kg/(m3.d)时,可以获得NH+4-N 92.7%和TN 67.5%的去除效果.实验中混合液的溶解氧浓度(DO)是影响TN去除效果的最重要因素,pH是影响NH4+-N、TN去除效果的重要因素之一,最佳脱氮效果的控制条件为DO在0.1～2.0 mg/L之间,pH值在7.0～7.5之间,分析了实验中同步硝化反硝化脱氮的机制.     

活性焦脱硫脱硝的机理研究

采用质谱仪在线检测的方法,研究了不同组成的模拟烟气在活性焦上的吸附行为;并应用SEM、FT-IR、XPS、BET等手段表征了活性焦的结构性质。结果表明,活性焦脱硫脱硝性能与活性焦的孔隙结构和表面化学特性密切相关,孔容是决定污染物初期脱除率的主要因素;表面官能团则在污染物的化学吸附上发挥着重要作用,是吸附、催化的活化中心;二氧化硫较一氧化氮优先吸附在活性焦上;烟气中氧气或水蒸汽的单独存在对脱硫脱硝均不会有明显的影响,当烟气中同时存在氧气和水蒸汽时,活性焦的脱硫脱硝效果可明显改善;氨的存在既可将一氧化氮还原为氮气,又能增强活性焦脱除二氧化硫的效果。