北京某区域儿童夏季PM2.5的污染特征及分析

近年来,随着社会和经济的不断发展,人们对室内外空气质量的重视程度也不断提高。室内外空气质量尤其是细颗粒物污染与人群健康密切相关。北京市大气细颗粒物污染形势十分严峻,因此,相关研究也成为国内外研究的热点和难点问题。本文对北京市某区域年龄在9～11岁之间的38名健康儿童人群活动场所夏季PM2.5的污染特征作了研究评价。结果表明,运用室内外环境监测与问卷调查法相结合的研究方法,儿童人员夏季PM2.5室内外浓度呈现明显的时间、空间变化特征,并受到气象因素及室内外源排放的共同影响。     

颅骨缺损早期修补对小儿的影响（附47例分析）

目的探讨颅骨缺损早期修补对小儿的影响．方法对47例小儿颅骨缺损使用钛网行颅骨修补手术的临床资料进行回顾性分析．结果47例小儿颅骨缺损早期行手术修补均获得了好的疗效．结论小儿颅骨缺损早期行手术修补有利于脑功能的康复，对头颅的发育影响较少，减少或避免了颅骨缺损相关综合征．参7．     

The 1998 Flood in Bangladesh: Is Different Targeting Needed During Emergencies and Recovery to Tackle Malnutrition?

Bangladesh suffered the century's worst flood during July-October 1998 and appealed for assistance. To provide information for appropriate interventions to tackle nutritional problems, a rapid assessment survey was conducted to look at the nutritional situation, problems encountered by the community, their coping mechanisms and rehabilitation priorities in six rural areas. The survey was repeated after four months to measure the outcome of activities during the flood and the necessity for future assistance. There were 3,048 children measured in both surveys (1,597 and 1,451). The sample of most interest was a sub-group of 180 children present in two previous independent surveys. The analysis found that while moving from the crisis period to post-flood phase there was evidence of a 'crossover phenomenon' in the recovery pattern of nutritional status. Sixty-eight per cent of the children who were malnourished (WHZ < -2SD) during the crisis period (18 per cent) recovered enough to cross the cut-off point and became normal after four months. Another 8 per cent of children (9 per cent of all normal) who were normal during the crisis period, after four months had deteriorated to be malnourished. Thus, despite there being a shift in the overall distribution of nutritional status, there has been another shift that reduced the net effect. Subsequent episodes of diarrhoea, access to food and loan burden had also influenced the recovery pattern of the children's nutritional status as evident from the statistically significant associations. These findings raise questions about targeting acute malnutrition during emergencies, and using the same criteria during both the crisis and rehabilitation phases.     

Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them

This study reports on Kenyan school children's ideas about wildlife parks in their country. A comparison is made between the responses of school children in primary school, before they receive any science education, and those of secondary school pupils at the end of the secondary cycle. The findings show little difference between the two groups of students in terms of their ideas about wildlife parks. This has serious implications for science and environmental education in Kenya. Parks are understood by these pupils in terms of real life issues, as derived from social consequences. The children's ideas are all based on the role that parks play in society, but the function of parks to support biodiversity conservation does not seem to be important to the students. While it is satisfying to note that the school children have a good understanding of parks in their social context, it is essential to address fully the scientific and ecological role of parks in order that biodiversity becomes more valued in our society.     

Differential Impacts of Flood Hazards Among the Street Children,the Urban Poor and Residents of Wealthy Neighborhoods in Metro Manila,Philippines

This paper presents thedifferential impacts of flood hazards amongstreet children, the urban poor andresidents of wealthy neighborhoods in MetroManila, Philippines. It argues that beingpoor is not the only reason why certainsectors are more vulnerable to floods orany environmental hazards – spatialisolation and lack of participation indecision making intensify their presentand future vulnerability, as well. Archival research, interviews, focusedgroup discussion, participant observationand surveys of populations at risk areemployed to delineate the flood experiencesand coping strategies of street childrenand residents of poor urban settlements andwealthy neighborhoods in Metro Manila atthe household and community levels. Theconcept of entitlement, the ContextualHazards Model, and the Access Model areused in the data analysis andinterpretation. Several policyrecommendations on hazard management anddisaster mitigation are identified toreduce flood losses in Metro Manila.     

兰州市小儿血铅水平与环境铅污染关系调查

采用随机抽样的方法对兰州市103对新生儿及其母亲、1月至36月的146名婴幼儿以及808名3～7岁儿童的毛细血管血铅进行了分析,同时对上述幼儿园室内外尘土或土壤样品采用石墨炉原子吸收法进行了铅分析测定,通过相关分析,说明城市环境铅污染是小儿血铅升高的主要原因之一。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in blood from children (age 9–12) in Taizhou, China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants have attracted much attention in recent years. Exposure to PBDEs could induce a high health risk for children. The aim of this study was to investigate the PBDEs exposure of children (9–12 years) from Taizhou, China. Fifty-eight blood samples were collected in one school in a mountainous area in Taizhou. The concentrations of Σ9PBDEs (sum of BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, -197 and -209) ranged from 2.66 to 33.9 ng/g lipid wet (lw) with a median of 7.22 ng/g lw. These concentrations were lower than those of children in USA, but close to European and Asian general population levels. The results showed that children in Taizhou countryside were at a low level of PBDEs exposure. The predominant congener was BDE-209, followed by BDE-28, -47, -197 and -153. High abundance of BDE-209 was consistent with the pollution background of PBDEs in China characterized by high brominated congeners as main pollutants.     

防灾减灾科普绘本设计的新思维

防灾减灾科普绘本是帮助儿童认识自然界的主要灾害和在灾害面前了解自我应对措施的重要途径。目前国内创作的防灾减灾科普绘本在内容表达与知识传播上仍存在着讲解抽象、儿童读者难以理解的问题,究其原因,主要在于设计者没有寻找到切合儿童认知心理特征的表达方式。由此,对已出版的防灾减灾科普绘本进行了归类整理与研究,从知识内容的趣味表达、灾害情境的形象还原、科学原理的视觉呈现和传播媒体的跨界综合应用等四个方面出发,分析和列举现有的灾害科学优秀科普绘本在上述几方面的可借鉴之处,为后续的面向本土儿童的原创防灾减灾科普绘本提供了具有参考价值的设计新思路。     

基于人体血铅指标的区域土壤环境铅基准值

由于铅对儿童的强烈神经毒性且土壤铅已经成为儿童铅暴露的主要来源,土壤环境铅基准一般基于儿童血铅含量的方法制定.收集国内现有资料,总结并确定出符合我国实际的关键参数取值范围,其中空气、饮水中铅含量分别在0.12~1.0μg.m-3、2~10μg.L-1之间;0~6岁儿童饮食暴露途径铅摄入量约10~25μg.d-1;育龄妇女血铅几何均值4.79μg.dL-1,标准差1.48.采用国际上认可度较高的综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型(IEUBK)和成人血铅模型(ALM),计算我国居住用地和工业/商业用地土壤环境铅基准值分别为282 mg.kg-1和627 mg.kg-1,略低于英美等国.参数敏感性分析表明,我国儿童平均铅暴露量明显高于发达国家且暴露场景与欧美发达国家有明显不同.我国亟需开展环境铅暴露与儿童血铅含量相互关系研究,制定基于血铅指标的铅污染土壤风险评估方法导则.