一株好氧反硝化菌的筛选鉴定及固定化研究

从污水处理厂的活性污泥中筛选得到1株好氧反硝化细菌(YS),对其进行分子生物学鉴定和理化性能测试,并考察了该菌株固定化前后反硝化能力的变化.鉴定结果表明,菌株YS为反硝化产碱菌(Alcaligenes denitrificans).菌株经固定化后,其酶活力有所下降,但稳定性增强,在4 ℃下储存50 d后,固定态菌株对硝酸根的去除率仍可维持在80%以上,而游离态菌株仅为15%.在pH 7.0条件下,固定态菌株的反硝化率比游离态菌株低3%左右,但当pH降低至5.0时,固定态菌株对硝酸根的去除率为72.4%,比游离态菌株高2.6%,表明固定态菌株比游离态菌株更适应于弱酸的环境.在不同的工艺条件下,固定态菌株与游离态菌株反硝化能力的变化趋势相同.菌株YS的最适条件为:接种量1.5%左右,pH为6.0,C/N比为11,葡萄糖为碳源.     

新型后置反硝化工艺处理低C/N(C/P)比污水脱氮除磷性能研究

从内碳源有效利用角度出发,开发了新型连续流后置反硝化AOA工艺,将厌氧段混合液按一定比例分流至缺氧段,从而强化缺氧段反硝化除磷作用.进水NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P浓度保持在(38.31±2.03) mg·L^-1和(5.74±0.13) mg·L^-1,在不同运行阶段进水COD分别控制在300 mg·L^-1和250 mg·L^-1,考察了AOA工艺处理低C/N(C/P)比污水过程影响因素.当进水C/N比和C/P比分别为7.41±0.26和52.36±1.25时,通过将SRT由10 d延长到16 d,系统TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别稳定在65.86%±2.06%和90.00%±3.97%;当进水C/N比、C/P比降至6.14±0.32和43.40±1.37时,在SRT为16 d条件下,将A/O/A体积比由1/3/1调整为1/2/2,TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别升至69.76%±3.36%和98.73%±1.82%.结果表明,采用控制SRT、调整好氧/缺氧HRT等策略,可保证处理低C/N(C/P)比污水AOA工艺高效稳定运行.     

陶粒固定化脱氮菌群对景观水中NO3--N的去除

以陶粒为载体对脱氮菌群进行固定化,并对ρ(NO3--N)较高的景观水进行模拟脱氮试验;同时比较了陶粒和海绵作为载体的固定化脱氮菌群在室温保存过程中脱氮活性的变化.结果表明,陶粒固定化脱氮菌群可以在短时间内有效去除景观水体中的NO3--N;模拟景观水试验处理2 d后,NO3--N的去除率为98.1%,TN的去除率为91.5%;试验第3～10天ρ(NO3--N)、ρ(TN)一直保持稳定,说明陶粒固定化脱氮菌群的作用具有一定的稳定性,不会出现ρ(NO3--N)波动现象.10 d后ρ(NO3--N)从初始的16.72 mgL降至0.19 mgL,NO3--N的去除率为98.8%;ρ(TN)从初始的17.89 mgL降至0.95mgL,TN的去除率为94.7%.分别将陶粒和海绵固定化脱氮菌群在室温下保存60 d后进行脱氮试验,NO3--N的去除率分别为99.8%、17.2%,说明在室温保存状态下陶粒固定化脱氮菌群能长时间保持脱氮活性.     

厌氧氨氧化菌与其他细菌之间的协同竞争关系

随着污水脱氮行业的蓬勃发展,各种新工艺、新理论层出不穷.厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺以其独特的优点脱颖而出,成为最具应用前景的新工艺.厌氧氨氧化菌作为该过程的执行者目前已发现5属17种,本文主要对5属17种的厌氧氨氧化菌进行总结,并对厌氧氨氧化菌种内关系中的群体感应系统进行详细介绍,此外还介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、反硝化菌以及厌氧甲烷氧化菌之间的协同与竞争关系.最后给出常见竞争因素对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的影响,通过控制竞争因素来实现对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的调节.本文将厌氧氨氧化菌微生物生态学与厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺相结合,为厌氧氨氧化工艺在污水生物处理中的应用提供理论依据.     

Comparison of biochemical characteristics between PAO and DPAO sludges

A successful enhanced biological phosphorus removal(EBPR) was observed in both anaerobicaerobic sequencing batch reactor(An-Ox SBR) to induce growth of phosphorus accumulating organism(PAO) and anaerobic-anoxic(An-Ax) SBR to induce growth of denitrifying PAO(DPAO).Although the EBPR performance of An-Ox SBR was higher by 11.3% than that of An-Ax SBR,specific phosphorus release rates in the An-Ax SBR(22.8 ± 3.5 mg P/(g VSS·hr)) and the An-Ox SBR(22.4 ± 4.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)) were similar. Specific phosphorus uptake rates under anoxic and aerobic conditions were 26.3 ± 4.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)(An-Ax SBR) and 25.6 ± 2.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)(An-Ox SBR), respectively, which were also similar. In addition, an analysis of relationship of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates(PHA) synthesized under anaerobic conditions with phosphorous release(Preleased/PHAsynthesized) and of PHA utilized under anoxic and aerobic conditions with phosphorous uptake(Puptaked/PHAutilized) verified that biological activities of EBPR per unit biomass between DPAO and PAO were similar. An analysis of the specific denitrification rate of DPAO showed that NO-3-N can be denitrified at a rate that does not substantially differ from that of an ordinary denitrifier without additional consumption of organic carbon when the PHA stored inside the cell under anaerobic conditions is sufficiently secured.     

生物净化槽中脱氮菌种的筛选鉴定与条件优化

从生物净化器／强化浮床组合工艺处理农村生活污水工程的生物净化器中提取菌种。在以乙酸钠为碳源的专性脱氮培养基上分离筛选出厌氧反硝化菌株A-5,运用生物量和脱氮率的实验测试其最适生长条件为：30℃、pH值为7．7、最适接种量为20％。在最适条件下的降解能力为：培养液初始NO3-N浓度为100mg·L^-1,24h内脱氮率达90．1％。通过形态学和生理特性观察经过菌种鉴定测定A-5为门多萨假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas Medoeina）。该菌株脱氮效果明显,可广泛用于农村生活污水的处理。     

A2N双污泥反硝化除磷系统微生物的先间歇后连续培养及快速启动

以实际生活污水为对象,研究了反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）的驯化培养以及A₂N双污泥反硝化除磷系统的快速启动.采用先独立培养反硝化聚磷菌和好氧硝化生物膜再连续运行的方式成功地快速启动了A₂N系统.采用污水处理厂除磷工艺中的活性污泥为种泥,在SBR系统中以先A/O（厌氧/好氧）后A/A（厌氧/缺氧）的方式运行,32 d成功地使反硝化聚磷菌成为优势菌属.在SBR反应器中,采用硝化效果较好的活性污泥为种泥,好氧硝化生物膜30 d挂膜成功,氨氮去除率稳定在99%以上.然后,A₂N系统连续运行,11 d后系统反硝化除磷效果进入稳定状态,出水氨氮和正磷酸盐浓度均为0,硝态氮为10.26 mg/L ,出水COD为19.56 mg/L ,COD、氨氮、总氮和磷去除率分别为91%、100%、77%和100%,说明A₂N系统具有很好的脱氮除磷效果,认为系统启动成功.     

后曝气池HRT对改进型A_2N工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

对A2N连续流工艺进行改进,在后曝气池中填加生物膜填料,以生活污水为处理对象,考察了后曝气池水力停留时间(HRT)对后曝气池内同步硝化反硝化(SND)以及对改进后的A2N工艺除磷脱氮性能的影响.后曝气池HRT为1.3h时,总磷(TP)平均去除率为90%,总氮(TN)平均去除率为75%,但平均出水氨氮浓度较高(为8.6 mg.L-1),后曝气池内基本未发现SND现象.后曝气池HRT为2.3h时,TN平均去除率达到80%,TP平均去除率高达95%,出水平均氨氮浓度较低(2.2 mg.L-1),后曝气池内同步硝化反硝化去除的TN量为2.42 mg.L-1.后曝气池HRT为4h、6h时,工艺TP平均去除率逐渐下降至60%,由于可利用的COD值较低,同步硝化反硝化去除的TN并未随HRT延长而有明显增长,TN去除率也逐渐降至接近60%.试验证明在后曝气池内填加生物膜并合理调控HRT,可强化工艺的脱氮除磷效果.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌比例测定研究

反硝化聚磷菌可以在缺氧条件下利用硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮作为电子受体完成吸磷过程,确定反硝化聚磷菌比例对于强化反硝化除磷作用具有重要意义。从一体化活性污泥工艺中取污泥混合液,加入蔗糖合200mg/LCOD后进行厌氧搅拌,2h后将厌氧污泥分成三等份,其中两份分别加入10mg/LNO3--N、10mg/LNO2--N后缺氧搅拌2h,另一份用充氧仪曝气2h。根据厌氧、缺氧/好氧交替过程中不同电子受体下的除磷量,可以简便的确定反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例,结果表明该一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例达到98.92%。