开放式空气CO2增高条件下稻田磷化氢气体的释放研究

磷化氢(PH3)已被证实是大气中普遍存在的痕量气体.采用FACE(free air carbon dioxide enrichment)平台,研究了不同氮施肥水平(常氮250 kg/hm2和低氮125 kg/hm2)下,CO2浓度升高对水稻田磷化氢释放通量的影响.结果表明,水稻生长旺盛期(分蘖,拔节)磷化氢通量和浓度高于生长缓慢期,FACE圈常氮区分蘖期磷化氢释放通量最大,为(155.2±22.71)ng/(m2.h).整个水稻生长期磷化氢平均释放通量最大值在FACE圈常氮区观察到,为(41.72±7.06)ng/(m2.h),最小值(-1.485±6.229)ng/(m2.h)出现在对照圈低氮区.FACE处理显著促进磷化氢的排放,不同氮素水平对磷化氢释放影响差异不显著.磷化氢的净通量和浓度与温度均呈显著正相关.对水稻成熟期全天释放通量及浓度测试表明,光照是影响白天磷化氢浓度的主要因素.     

Forest soil CO2 fluxes as a function of understory removal and N-fixing species addition

We report on the effects of forest management practices of understory removal and N-fixing species (Cassia alata) addition on soil CO2 fluxes in an Eucalyptus urophylla plantation (EUp), Acacia crassicarpa plantation (ACp), 10-species-mixed plantation (Tp), and 30-species-mixed plantation (THp) using the static chamber method in southern China. Four forest management treatments, including (1) understory removal (UR); (2) C. alata addition (CA); (3) understory removal and replacement with C. alata (UR+CA); and (4) control without any disturbances (CK), were applied in the above four forest plantations with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that soil CO2 fluxes rates remained at a high level during the rainy season (from April to September), followed by a rapid decrease after October reaching a minimum in February. Soil CO2 fluxes were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in EUp (132.6 mg/(m2·hr)) and ACp (139.8 mg/(m2·hr)) than in Tp (94.0 mg/(m2·hr)) and THp (102.9 mg/(m2·hr)). Soil CO2 fluxes in UR and CA were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among the four treatments, with values of 105.7, 120.4, 133.6 and 112.2 mg/(m2·hr) for UR+CA, UR, CA and CK, respectively. Soil CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01), soil moisture (P < 0.01), NO3?-N (P < 0.05), and litterfall (P < 0.01), indicating that all these factors might be important controlling variables for soil CO2 fluxes. This study sheds some light on our understanding of soil CO2 flux dynamics in forest plantations under various management practices.     

河北平原土壤中As通量研究

对河北平原农田区的As元素在土壤中的输入、输出通量进行了初步研究.综合各方面因素,确定了大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、化肥为输入途径和农作物籽实为输出途径,并进行通量计算.结果显示,在河北平原,大气干湿沉降为土壤中As主要输入方式,灌溉水和化肥输入通量较低,三者对土壤As贡献率分别为53.1%、28.9%和18.1%;而农作物...     

区域间大气污染物相互影响研究的新方法探讨

以气象模型输出的气象场和空气质量模型输出的污染物浓度场为基础,建立了"四维通量法",该方法采用微元法求解大气污染物的输送通量,首次提出了"闭合绘线法"来解决输送过程中最关键的方向问题. 四维通量法在时空维度上都可以进行伸缩,具有普遍适用性. 将该方法应用于研究广州周边地区 PM10和 O3对广州空气质量的影响,并与已有的工作进行对比分析,结果发现: 1、4、7、10 月份输进广州市的 PM10最大值分别是来自东面的 6. 9 t.h -1、南面的 5. 6 t.h -1、南面的 10. 6 t.h -1和北面的 7. 7 t.h -1; 1、4、7、10 月份输进广州市的 O3最大值分别是来自北面的 166.6 t.h -1、南面的 64. 1 t.h -1、南面的 105.6 t.h -1和东面的 256. 2 t.h -1; 在计算简化边界的情况下,四维通量法的计算结果无论从量级上还是从数值上都与前人的研究成果接近,可以预见在计算真实边界的情况下,四维通量法的计算结果将更加精确.     

碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量及影响因素研究

2008年4月至10月,以辽河口碱蓬湿地为研究区域,采用静态箱—气相色谱法对CH4排放通量进行了原位测定,分析了碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量的季节变化特征,同时研究了地表温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬的地上生物量对排放通量的影响。结果表明,碱蓬湿地是CH4的排放源,CH4排放呈单峰型变化趋势,7月排放通量最大为55.29μg/(m2.h)。CH4排放通量与土壤温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量密切相关。CH4排放通量与地表温度之间呈显著的指数相关关系;土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量的变化与CH4排放通量的季节变化呈二次正相关关系。     

Load Estimation Method Using Distributions with Covariates: A Comparison with Commonly Used Estimation Methods

Load estimates obtained using an approach based on statistical distributions with parameters expressed as a function of covariates (e.g., streamflow) (distribution with covariates hereafter called DC method) were compared to four load estimation methods: (1) flow‐weighted mean concentration; (2) integral regression; (3) segmented regression (the last two with Ferguson's correction factor); and (4) hydrograph separation methods. A total of 25 datasets (from 19 stations) of daily concentrations of total dissolved solids, nutrients, or suspended particulate matter were used. The selected stations represented a wide range of hydrological conditions. Annual flux errors were determined by randomly generating 50 monthly sample series from daily series. Annual and interannual biases and dispersions were evaluated and compared. The impact of sampling frequency was investigated through the generation of bimonthly and weekly surveys. Interannual uncertainty analysis showed that the performance of the DC method was comparable with those of the other methods, except for stations showing high hydrological variability. In this case, the DC method performed better, with annual biases lower than those characterizing the other methods. Results show that the DC method generated the smallest pollutant load errors when considering a monthly sampling frequency for rivers showing high variability in hydrological conditions and contaminant concentrations.     

贵阳市不同空间高度灰尘和重金属沉降通量

采集贵阳市不同空间高度灰尘样品,分析灰尘及其中常量元素Ca和Fe、微量有害重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的沉降通量随空间高度的变化,通过引进灰尘沉降量,结合灰尘中微量有害重金属含量,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价不同空间高度灰尘重金属导致的环境风险.结果表明:灰尘沉降通量随着楼层增高而减小;不同楼层灰尘元素含量变化差异不大,Fe、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb元素含量在不同空间高度上随楼层增高而增大,而Cr和Zn元素是随着楼层增高而减小; 8种元素沉降通量分布总体趋势是随楼层的升高,沉降通量降低,尤以Ca、Cr和Zn表现最为明显;引进灰尘沉降量评价灰尘重金属导致的环境风险显示1~3层和7层环境风险较高,4~6层灰尘重金属导致的环境风险较低,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn是主要风险元素.     

湖泊沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散作用及其水质影响研究

通过对云南泸沽湖、洱海沉积物孔隙水微量重金属剖面特征及界面扩散通量的研究,定量评估了微量重金属界面扩散作用对上覆湖水水质的影响,并探讨了春季节性变化规律,结果表明,孔隙水微量重金属浓度面均呈典型的峰形分布,界面氧化还原状况的变化是影响这种分布的主要因素;微量重金属界面扩散通量在夏季明显大于冬季,深水区大于浅水区;这种擅长 用作用对湖水中微量重金属含量的变化影响较大,尤其对深度较小,水体寄宿时间长、     

Fluxes of NH3 and HNO3 over heathland in the Netherlands:implications for chemical interactions

The surface exchange of NH₃ and HNO₃ gases over heathland was measured with the aerodynamic gradient method in Leende,the Netherlands during April 25 and May 9,1991.Due to reactions in the system NH₃,HNO₃ and NH₄NO₃,the NH₃ deposition flux is overestimated,while HNO₃ shows apparent emission fluxes mostly during the field experiment.Results reveal that NH₃ gradients are influenced slightly by HNO₃ and the HNO₃ gradients are strongly controlled by the NH₃.A clear relationship between NH₃ and HNO₃ gradient is suggested by the Leende experiment. Before the late afternoon,NH₃ deposition gradients will cause HNO₃ upward gradients,meanwhile the NH₃ gradients themselves will become smaller.After the HNO₃ upward gradient reaches maximum,the NH₃ deposition gradients will be enlarged or the emission gradients depressed,while the HNO₃ upward gradients become smaller.     

长江口潮滩湿地-大气界面碳通量特征

选择长江河口崇明东滩为典型研究区域,使用原位静态箱-气相色谱法,对长江河口潮滩湿地-大气界面碳通量(CH4和CO2)进行了为期一年的现场观测实验.结果表明,观测期内,崇明东滩低潮滩(CM-3)表现为碳的吸收汇,平均碳通量为-13.23 mg·m-2·h-4,且有明显的变化特征,8月为碳吸收的高峰期,2月碳的通量值最低;虽然低潮滩CH4年平均排放通量仅为0.04mg·m-2·h-1,在碳通量中所占比例很小,但却是大气CH4的持续排放源.中潮滩(CM-2)为大气CH4的排放源,在7月达到排放高峰;对CO2而言,光照条件下(明箱)以吸收为主,而无光照时(暗箱)中潮滩是CO2的排放源.中潮滩湿地-大气界面碳的年平均交换通量为51.79 mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于低潮滩,植被和有机质含量的不同是导致两者差异的主要原因.温度和光照是影响碳通量及其季节变化的重要因素.海三棱藨草植株和中、低潮滩藻类的光合作用均显著促进了潮滩对大气碳的吸收.