天然有机高分子絮凝剂DXSL-I应用及环境效应的研究

对自制天然有机高分子絮凝剂DXSL-I实际应用和环境生物效应进行初步的实验研究。实验结果表明,DXSL-I对高浓度油污水具有较高的处理效率;当油份浓度大于2000×10-6g/L时,只需要处理10h,处理效率就能达到60％以上,可用于高浓度油污水的快速预处理。通过生物实验可以明显的观察到,孔雀鱼的LD50约为416×10-6g/L,泥鳅的LD50约为870×10-6g/L,因而可以推定其具有相对较高的环境安全性;而且经过DXSL-I常规浓度处理的养殖用水对某些水产养殖生物的生长具有改善促进作用。表明,DXSL-I在水处理中具有较理想的实际应用前景。     

MULTI-OBJECTIVE RESERVOIR OPERATION INCLUDING TURBIDITY CONTROL1

ABSTRACT: The operational problems of a reservoir are expressed by three coordinates: space, time stage, and objective. The operational procedure is formulated using dynamic programming as a multi-objective problem. After comparing the scalar and the vector optimization, the scalar optimization technique is applied to turbidity analysis in a reservoir.     

再生造纸废水絮凝除浊试验研究

本研究采用絮凝法对再生造纸废水中含细小纤维、无机填料的悬浮物进行处理试验，比较了硫酸亚铁与聚丙烯酰胺复合絮凝剂和聚硅酸氯化铁盐两种絮凝剂的絮凝效果，研究了制备聚硅酸氯化铁盐的铁硅比、pH值、碱化度以及投加量与废水除浊率之间的相互关系。实验结果表明：在最佳条件下，絮凝效果优异，除浊率达到98％，上清液无色透明。     

1 NTU水质目标的工艺研究

浊度是衡量水质的1项重要指标,它反映了水中悬浮物、微生物和有机物的去除程度.为了提高居民生活饮用水水质,使其逐步与国际接轨,我国于2001年颁布实施的<生活饮用水卫生规范>中要求浊度不能超过1NTU.分别对强化和改造混凝、沉淀和过滤工艺的具体方法进行了综述,提出了提高饮用水水质,降低出水浊度的若干可行办法.     

RUNOFF EVENT IMPACTS ON A WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR: SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOADING, TURBID PLUME BEHAVIOR, AND SEDIMENT DEPOSITION1

Abstract: The impacts of runoff events on external suspended solids loading to Schoharie Reservoir, New York, and patterns of light scattering and sediment deposition in this reservoir are assessed. The assessment is based on monitoring of suspended solids concentrations in the reservoir's primary tributary, detailed vertical profiles of optical backscattering (a surrogate measure of light scattering) in the reservoir water column, and analysis of sediment trap collections, over a seven-month interval of high runoff. These impacts are reported to be tightly temporally coupled and strongly positively related to the magnitude of runoff events. The primary tributary entered the reservoir as a plunging inflow during runoff events, causing conspicuous subsurface peaks in light scattering, with vertical patterns that varied strongly for different events. Deposition quantified by near-bottom trap deployments is reported to be more representative than results from metalimnetic deployments that were generally within, rather than below, the turbid layers. Direct inputs of sediment, transported by density currents, are found to drive deposition, rather than resuspension/redeposition. More than 50 percent of the reported deposition occurred in less than 15 percent of the study period, associated with the four largest runoff events.     

EVALUATION OF EROSION CONTROL PRODUCTS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED POLYACRYLAMIDE1

ABSTRACT: Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been demonstrated to greatly reduce erosion in furrow irrigation, but much less is known about its effectiveness on the much steeper slopes typical of construction sites. The purpose of this study was to determine if anionic PAM would enhance erosion control either alone on bare soil or in combination with four types of ground covers commonly used for grass establishment: straw, straw erosion control blanket (ECB), wood fiber, and mechanically bonded fiber matrix (MBFM). Tests were conducted under natural rainfall and vegetation on a 4 percent slope (bare soil, straw, ECB, and MBFM) or using a rainfall simulator (bare soil, straw, wood fiber, MBFM) on either 10 percent or 20 percent slope on three different soil substrates. All ground cover treatments were evaluated with and without PAM applied in solution at 19 kg/ha. The straw, ECB, and MBFM significantly reduced runoff volume, average turbidity, and total sediment lost over five rainfall events on the vegetated plots. The addition of PAM to ground covers only occasionally had significant effects on runoff parameters but did significantly increase vegetative coverage overall. The rainfall simulator tests produced similar results after four events, with the straw, wood fiber, and MBFM all having significantly lower turbidity than the bare soil. The PAM significantly reduced turbidity for both the first and second events but did not consistently improve runoff quality after multiple rainfall events for any ground cover‐soil combinations tested. Separate tests of PAM applied before or after straw did not indicate a clear advantage of either approach, but runoff turbidity was often significantly reduced with PAM, especially at the 20 percent slope. Turbidity reductions were attributed to flocculation of eroded sediment.     

PAC混凝沉降法处理陶瓷废水操作条件的优化

采用PAC混凝沉降法对陶瓷废水进行处理,考察PAC用量、搅拌强度、搅拌时间、进水pH和沉降时间对处理效果的影响,获得优化的操作条件。实验表明:水样的脱色率、浊度去除率和悬浮物去除率随着PAC用量、搅拌强度、搅拌时间和沉降时间的增大和进水pH的降低而呈现增大的趋势;最佳操作条件为:当废水量小、处理时间充足时,选用PAC用量为12 mg/L、搅拌强度为中速、搅拌时间为10 min、进水pH为6、沉降时间为2 h,此条件下水样的脱色率、浊度去除率和悬浮物去除率分别达到95.6%、95.7%和85.6%;当废水量大、处理时间不充足时,选用PAC用量为60 mg/L,沉降时间为30 min,此条件下水样的脱色率、浊度去除率和悬浮物去除率分别达到94.1%、93.4%和84.4%。证明混凝法对于去除陶瓷废水中的悬浮与胶体颗粒均是有效的。     

铁氧体强化低温低浊水的处理效果

在低温低浊水(T<10℃,浊度<40 NTU)处理中,采用常规处理流程难以达到理想效果。实验采用铁氧体(Fe3O4)配合聚合氯化铝(PAC)进行低温低浊水的实验研究。通过混凝沉淀烧杯实验,比较两者投加量对其处理效果的影响,实验结果表明PAC为30 mg/L,Fe3O4为0.004 mg时为最佳投药量。采用混凝沉淀过滤的常规处理工艺,并保证适当的混凝搅拌强度。     

Influence of Sampling Frequency on Estimation of Annual Total Phosphorus and Total Suspended Solids Loads1

Abstract: The determination of sediment and nutrient loads is typically based on the collection and analysis of grab samples. The frequency and regularity of traditional sampling may not provide representation of constituent loading, particularly in systems with flashy hydrology. At two sites in the Little Bear River, Utah, continuous, high‐frequency turbidity was used with surrogate relationships to generate estimates of total phosphorus and total suspended solids concentrations, which were paired with discharge to estimate annual loads. The high frequency records were randomly subsampled to represent hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly sampling frequencies and to examine the effects of timing, and resulting annual load estimates were compared to the reference loads. Higher frequency sampling resulted in load estimates that better approximated the reference loads. The degree of bias was greater at the more hydrologically responsive site in the upper watershed, which required a higher sampling frequency than the lower watershed site to achieve the same level of accuracy in estimating the reference load. The hour of day and day of week of sampling impacted load estimation, depending on site and hydrologic conditions. The effects of sampling frequency on the determination of compliance with a water quality criterion were also examined. These techniques can be helpful in determining necessary sampling frequency to meet the objectives of a water quality monitoring program.     

非溶解态物质对苏州市景观水体表观污染的影响

景观功能已成为我国城市水体的主体功能,随着城市水体污染的加剧,这一功能也难以得到保障;识别城市景观水体表观污染物质的存在状态,有利于对景观水体表观污染的成因、形成机制进行深入研究,从而可以为景观水体表观污染的预警、防控和工程治理提供技术支撑。对苏州30条河道广域采集200组水样,用0.45μm滤膜抽滤去除水样中非溶解态物质,对比抽滤前后水样的浊度、色度,结果表明,非溶解态物质是引起水体浊度、色度的主要原因;对比极端黄色水样抽滤前后的浊度、色度,并对悬浮物的高锰酸盐指数(Im)进行测定,结果表明,造成黄色水体表观污染的主要是沙粒、粘土等无机非溶解态物质;对比抽滤前后极端黑色水体中硫化物及极端深绿色水体中的叶绿素a(Chla)的含量,结果表明,这些表观污染物质主要以非溶解态的形式存在;极端水体的测定分析证实了城市景观水体表观污染主要由非溶解态物质造成。