Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.     

磨盘山水库周边化肥农药污染状况调查

通过对磨盘山水库周边化肥、农药污染状况的调查和监测得出,每年施用化肥将加快水库的富营养化进程,必须预防其潜在危害。     

高密度聚乙烯防渗材料的抗老化性能研究

对我国大陆首次研制成功的高密度聚乙烯（ＨＤＰＥ）防渗材料在浸泡条件下的抗化学老化性能进行了系统测试,并与美国产品进行了比较。结果表明：在氢氧化钠溶液、１６．７％硝酸、３３．３％硝酸和三氯乙烯４种溶液中长期浸泡后,国产产品抗化学老化性能指标分别为０．７７５、２．８、３．１５和３．１５,已经全面达到国际水平。     

多视角下东北地区城市碳排放责任核算与分布特征研究

城市作为经济发展和人口聚集的中心,已经成为全球应对气候变化的核心区域,核算碳排放责任并分析其分布特征对于制定城市低碳发展路径至关重要。东北地区作为我国的老工业基地,其“能源结构偏煤,产业结构偏重”的区域发展特征严重制约了东北地区的减排进程,开展碳排放责任研究有助于引导东北地区城市低碳发展。本研究分别从“生产者责任原则”“消费者责任原则”“供应者责任原则”三个视角构建碳排放责任核算模型,计算了东北地区36个城市的碳排放,并分析城市碳排放的差异性分布特征。研究结果显示,不同类型的城市在多种责任原则下的碳排放存在差异,碳排放的分布特征与城市的资源禀赋、产业结构和经济发展水平相关。本研究将为东北地区城市的碳排放责任分配提供理论依据和数据支持,并为其他城市的节能减排提供参考。     

消除及回收烟气中SO2的糠醛渣活性炭研究

利用糠醛渣废料研制成一种新型改质炭(简称渣炭),采用温度程序脱附(TPD),色谱质谱连用(GC-MS),比表面测定(BET),静态与动态吸附以及二氧化硫氧化反应等方法,对渣炭的物化性质进行表征,并与几种商品炭进行比较;考察其反应条件,表明该渣炭无需添加任何活性组分便具有良好的脱硫性能,适用于烟气脱硫制酸过程。认为渣炭上某些羟基及羰基表面基团是脱硫活性中心,丰富的中孔有利于反应扩散。在烟气量5000Nm~3/h的中试装置上,于空速500h~(-1)。入口烟温70℃以及二氧化硫浓度1500—2500ppm的条件下,对工业放大渣炭进行验证,连续累计操作6000多小时,二氧化硫消除率约70％及副产硫酸的浓度约30％,并且,该渣炭的成本可以比碘炭降低40％左右。     

二安替比林对溴苯基甲烷光度法测定锰

合成了一个新的二安替比试剂,二安替比林对溴苯基甲烷（ＤＡｐＢＭ）并研究了它和Ｍｎ（Ⅶ）的显色条件,在磷酸介质中,Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）存在下,ＤＡｐＢＭ和Ｍｎ（Ⅶ）生在橙色产物λｍａｘ＝４８０ｎｍ,ε＝１．２８×１０＾６Ｌ．（ｍｏｌ．ｃｍ）＾－１,锰的含量在０．１－０．９μｇ／２５ｍｌ内符合比尔定律,用于食品和水样中锰的测定,结果满意。     

页岩气压裂返排液的水生生态毒性效应研究

页岩气压裂作业过程产生大量压裂返排液,这类废液富含有毒且致癌的芳香烃、有毒金属和铀、钍、镭等放射性物质、石油类添加剂等,具有可生化性差和难处理的特点。这类废液若不经任何处理就进行排放,将给环境和人群健康带来潜在的危害和风险。目前尚不清楚它们的生态毒性效应。论文从涪陵页岩气开采基地采集了4口开采井(2号井、6号井-1、6号井-2和9号井)的压裂返排液,采用国家废水测试标准分析4种压裂返排液的水质理化指标,采用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)等标准毒性试验生物探究压裂返排液污染物体系的水生生态毒性效应,并研究水质理化指标与压裂返排液综合毒性的关系。结果表明,采集的所有压裂返排液样品均具备较大的水生生态毒性效应。以斜生栅藻的96 h的半数效应浓度(96 h-EC_(50))或大型溞的96 h的半数致死浓度(96 h-LC_(50))和毒性单位(TUa)为评价指标进行生态毒性分级,4个位点压裂返排液的生态毒性均为中毒及以上。压裂返排液的重金属、阴阳离子及有机物含量与其综合毒性的相关性结果表明,这些污染物成分与其藻类综合毒性无显著相关性。但Li、V、Cu、Ga、Rb、Ba等6种重金属及Na+、Cl-等2种阴阳离子对压裂返排液的溞类综合毒性有显著影响,影响程度依次为LiGaBaCl-VNa+RbCu。因此,在对压裂返排液进行处理时,这些与毒性相关的污染物是需要重点考虑的化学成分。     

Competition gives way to cooperation:rethinking Sino-Indian relations in climate change negotiations

In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change negotiations from 2009 to 2012.Their collaboration echoed the perception of neorealism in international relations(IR) studies that states will seek "external balancing" for maximizing national "relative gains".China and India are expected to continue their cooperation on climate change issues when sharing the same structural position as big economies and big emitters,the same pressure in carbon emission reductions,and the same goal of improving living standards for their citizens.Encountering the devastating impacts of climate change and the deadlock in responsibility division in current global climate change governance,this work seeks to shed light on the evolving multilateral governance environment and its complex implications for Sino-Indian relations from an IR perspective.     

复合酶生物促进剂在底泥生物修复中的应用

通过测定河道底泥中微生物的生化呼吸线来表征复合酶生物促进剂对河道自净过程的影响。研究结果表明复合酶生物促进剂对微生物具有激活作用,使微生物的累积耗氧量明显增加,有效地提升了水体的自净能力。复合酶生物促进剂能够有效地修复受萘污染的底泥,修复后底泥中多环芳烃萘的释放量和有机质的含量均明显低于对照样,并可显著降低底泥对上覆水...     

不同功能地表水体中病原微生物指示物的标准比较

地表水病原微生物污染对人类健康构成了巨大的潜在威胁,地表水体的病原微生物污染及其控制日益得到人们的重视.因此,本文从地表水环境功能和人类健康的角度出发,通过大量调研国内外不同功能的地表水环境质量标准,总结了当前常用病原微生物指示物的特点与指示效果;综述和比较了美国、欧盟、世界卫生组织和中国水环境标准中有关病原微生物控制指标的演变历程;最后对地表水体中病原微生物指示物的研究进行了展望.总体而言,当前常用指示微生物涵盖细菌、病毒和原生动物,但应针对不同目的选取不同类型的指示微生物;美国、欧盟和世界卫生组织的病原微生物控制指标已陆续转向大肠杆菌与肠球菌,而我国仅经历了从总大肠菌群到粪大肠菌群的转变.培养法与分子生物学方法是当前主要的病原微生物检测手段,前者广为应用,后者更为方便、快捷,但无法与相应标准对接.