微生物降解石油烃类污染物的研究进展

石油作为重要的能源之一,在被大量开采、运输和使用的同时,带来了严重的污染。利用微生物降解石油烃类污染物是当前治理石油污染最为理想的有效方法。介绍了降解石油烃的微生物种类和降解机理,并分析了固定化、表面活性剂、低温条件等对降解过程的影响。     

Removal of dispersant-stabilized carbon nanotubes by regular coagulants

Coagulation followed by sedimentation, as a conventional technique in the water treatment plant, can be the first line of defense against exposures of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to aquatic organisms and human beings, which has been rarely documented. This study investigated the removal of dispersant-stabilized CNT suspensions by poly aluminum chloride (PACl) and KAl(SO₄)₂. 12H₂O (alum), with a focus on the effects of dispersant type, coagulant type and dosage. PACl performed better than alum in the removal of tannic acid-, humic acid-, and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate-stabilized CNTs, but worse for polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether (TX100)-stabilized CNTs. Neither coagulant could effectively precipitate cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-stabilized CNTs. The removal by PACl first increased up to a plateau and then decreased with the continued increase of coagulant dosage. However, the removal rates leveled off but did not decrease after achieving their highest level with the continued addition of alum. The coagulation and flocculation of the CNT suspensions by PACl could be regulated mainly by the mechanism of adsorption charge neutralization, whereas the coagulation by alum mainly involved electrical double-layer compression.     

气流与第三方物质交互解吸高浓度氨氮废水的研究

利用填料塔作为吹脱解吸设备,结合表面活性剂增强传质的特点,选取表面活性剂作为第三方物质,以空气作为气流吹脱解吸废水中的高浓度氨氮。实验研究了废水温度T、pH值、气液比n、表面活性剂种类和投加量ρ等条件变化对氨氮解吸效率η的影响。结果表明:加入表面活性剂X后,氨氮脱除效率提高2%;影响解吸效率因素的主次顺序为pH>T>n>ρ;最佳操作条件为T=80℃、pH=11.0、ρ=15 mg/L、n=650:1。在最佳的操作条件下,处理氨氮含量为2 159.0 mg/L和3 680.5 mg/L的废水时,解吸效率分别达到95.28%和94.69%,即废水最终的氨氮浓度为102.0 mg/L和195.5 mg/L,低于废水后续生化处理进水指标中对氨氮含量的要求。     

表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子∶十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子∶十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS∶非离子,曲拉通100,TX100)对苯并[a]芘(BaP)在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加BaP在黑炭表面吸附的非线性程度.CTAB的存在可以促进BaP在黑炭表面的吸附同时抑制了BaP的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了BaP在黑炭表面的吸附并增加了吸附过程的可逆性.与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX100对BaP在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响取决于其添加浓度.低浓度的TX100(50 mg.L-1)能够促进BaP在黑炭上的吸附并抑制BaP的解吸,吸附能力参数Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1增大到264 179 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数HI从0.44降低到0.39.随着TX100浓度增加到150 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1,TX100对BaP的吸附表现出抑制作用并能够促进BaP的解吸,Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1分别降低到182 751 mL.g-1和178 730 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数从0.44分别升高到0.65和0.70.本研究为预测多环芳烃在表面活性剂污染的环境中的分布特征和最终归趋提供了理论依据.     

几种不同杀灭剂对亚历山大藻LC3的灭除研究

为了寻找新型有效的赤潮藻杀灭剂,对辣椒素、过碳酸钠、CuSO4、谷氨酸铜对亚历山大藻LC3的杀灭效果以及表面活性剂对谷氨酸铜杀藻的促进作用进行了研究.辣椒素在较低浓度下(0.1,1.0,10 g/L)对亚历山大藻LC3无明显杀灭作用,达到杀藻的目的所需辣椒素量较大;过碳酸钠对亚历山大藻LC3的杀灭率偏低,这两种物质均不适宜用于赤潮防治.谷氨酸铜可有效杀灭亚历山大藻,其对亚历山大藻LC3的灭杀效率优于CuSO4,优势随时间延长而明显,但其对藻的抑制作用并不随谷氨酸铜的浓度加大而增强.辣椒素、过碳酸钠以及谷氨酸铜用于杀灭亚历山大藻LC3在赤潮防治研究中均为首次报告.HDTMAB可有效促进谷氨酸铜杀灭亚历山大藻LC3,促进作用基本随着HDTMAB浓度的提高而逐步增强.谷氨酸铜和HDTMAB复合剂可有效去除亚历山大藻LC3,在赤潮治理中将具有较好的应用前景.     

洗涤剂富磷污染及其对策

介绍了国内湖海水域富磷污染的现状,指出含磷洗涤剂的使用是造成富磷污染的主要原因,提出了解决富磷污染的对策及适合中国国情的洗涤剂发展方向。     

不同洗脱剂对有机氯农药污染场地土壤修复效果比较

为了筛选出能有效修复有机氯农药污染土壤的洗脱剂,选取了16种洗脱剂对2种复合有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)、氯丹和灭蚁灵)污染场地土壤进行超声洗脱修复。结果表明,对于HCHs和DDTs复合污染土壤,乙酸乙酯和丙酮对HCHs的洗脱率最高,分别为87.6%和87%,其余有机溶剂对其洗脱率也在70%以上。乙酸乙酯和丙酮对于DDT仍为最优,分别为86.9%与78.4%,其余有机试剂对DDT的洗脱率在60%以上。相对于有机溶剂,表面活性剂对HCHs和DDTs复合污染土壤的洗脱效果不好,总洗脱率均低于4%。同样,对于氯丹和灭蚁灵复合污染土壤,有机溶剂的洗脱效果也明显优于表面活性剂。有机溶剂对灭蚁灵的洗脱率,除了正丙醇较低(63.5%)外,其余均在80%左右。对氯丹的洗脱率,除石油醚(59.6%)、正己烷(49.3%)和正丙醇(42%),其余均在70%以上。相同摩尔浓度的表面活性剂中,吐温80对氯丹的洗脱率为54%,环糊精为20%,鼠李糖脂和曲拉通100为13%左右,其余则小于5%,吐温80对灭蚁灵的洗脱率为29.6%,曲拉通100的为12.4%,鼠李糖脂为5.7%,其余则更低。因此,高效低毒的有机试剂,如乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙醇等可作为有机氯农药污染土壤修复的首选。     

热活化过硫酸盐联合混凝处理微乳浊液的机理

在冶金冷轧微乳浊液中,醚链较长、αH较多的非离子型表面活性剂的存在导致体系稳定性极高而难于降解,利用热活化过硫酸盐（PS）进行破乳预处理,并联合混凝作用,以实现高效的油水分离.本文研究了PS浓度、体系温度、pH值对上述反应的影响,根据电子顺磁共振等分析技术确定了作用自由基类型及其贡献率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析了反应前后微乳浊液成分,根据激光粒度法测定了反应过程油滴粒径,结果表明：增大PS浓度和温度、降低pH值均有利于提高COD去除率;降解过程包括SO₄^-.、OH^.破乳及聚合硫酸铁促使强疏水性油滴脱稳,且SO₄^-.为破乳主导自由基（贡献率86.33%）;基于联合工艺的COD去除率和运行成本均优于热活化PS单一工艺.     

The influence of aggregation of latex particles on membrane fouling attachments & ultrafiltration performance in ultrafiltration of latex contaminated water and wastewater

The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of latex particle aggregation on membrane fouling attachments and the ultrafiltration performance of simulated latex effluent using Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide(CTAB) as a cationic surfactant. Hydrophilic polysulfone and ultrafilic flat heterogeneous membranes, with molecular weight cut off(MWCO) of 60,000 and 100,000, respectively, as well as hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride with MWCO of 100,000, were used under a constant flow rate and cross-flow mode in ultrafiltration of latex solution. In addition, a polycarbonate flat membrane with uniform pore size of 0.05 μm was likewise used during the experiment. The effects of CTAB on the latex particle size distribution were investigated at various concentrations, different treatment times, and diverse agitation duration times. The effects of CTAB on the zeta potential of membrane surfaces and latex particles were also investigated. The data obtained indicate that the particle size distribution of treated latex effluent experienced significant shifts in the peaks toward a larger size range caused by the aggregation of particles. As a result, the mass of fouling contributing to pore blocking and the irreversible fouling were noticeably reduced. The optimum results occurred in the instance when CTAB was added at the critical micelle concentration of 0.36 g/L, for the duration of 10 min and with minimal agitation. Notably, a higher stirring rate had an overall negative effect on the membrane fouling minimization.     

羧甲基纤维素抑尘剂的制备及其应用研究

以羧甲基纤维素、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,用溶液聚合法制备出一种环保软膜抑尘剂.探讨了添加甘油、辛癸基葡糖苷对抑尘剂吸水性能、润湿性能的变化以及m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)以不同配比加入抑尘剂后对粉尘含水率的影响.经傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜对制备的产物进行结构表征和形貌的分析.对抑尘剂的性能:耐风蚀性、温度适应性进行了测试.结果表明:当m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)为2:3,室温时粉尘含水率达15.8%、50℃粉尘含水率仍可达11.7%;经3 h(15 m/s)风速吹扫,粉尘损失率仅为2.3%.